FUZZY LOGICAL OPERATORS ON FINITE CHAINS

Abstract

The extension of classical binary logical operators to multi-valued operators is a very interesting topic, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. In this paper we pay special attention to fuzzy implication operators on the unit interval and on finite chains. We discuss some properties and define several special classes, in particular the class of Lukasiewicz-like implicators. On the unit interval we prove a nice characterization for this class, while we have to replace the continuity condition on [0,1] by a smoothness condition on finite chains to obtain a similar characterization. In contrast to implicators on [0,1], there is no direct way to construct implicators on a finite chain. Therefore, we discuss several algorithms that generate different types of implicators. In this way we also obtain the number of implicators on a finite chain, which gives us an idea of the restrictivity of the involved properties.     

Reverse Monte Carlo reconstruction algorithm for discrete electron tomography based on HAADF‐STEM atom counting

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to obtain a three‐dimensional reconstruction of a single nanoparticle based on the method of atom counting. The location of atoms in three dimensions has been successfully performed using simulations of high‐angle‐annular‐dark‐field images from only three zone‐axis projections, [110], [310] and [211], for a face‐centred cubic particle. These three orientations are typically accessible by low‐tilt holders often used in high‐performance scanning transmission electron microscopes.     

BIOETHANOL

Bioethanol or its derivatives (ethers), are mixed with petrol for use in combustion engines. Suitably adapted diesel or spark ignition engines can be used with pure eihanol. Several years of experience, in the USA (since 1978) and in France, have proved that bioethanol can be added to gasoline up to 5-10% without modification of engines or of their performances.

In France, ethyl alcohol or ethanol is obtained mainly by fermentation of farm crops which have a high sugar content (beet) or starch content (cereals, potatoes..)

In ihe future, it will be possible to obtain eihanol by suing the whole plant (wood and straw) and transforming the cellulose and hemicellulose into elementary sugars (C5, C6) by enzymatic hydrolysis. Research work is underway in this field.

The ether considered here is ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether), obtained from the reaction between isobutylene and ethanol.     

Concentrated solutions of preservatives: their technological and analytical advantages in cosmetic products

Introducing concentrated solutions of preservatives (CSP) provides a methodology both for the use of preservative systems and for their routine control in cosmetic products.
From some typical examples, characteristics of such CSP are described and it is shown how the accurate determination of every component present in the initial liquid blend eliminates the tedious determinations in the finished product where only a single analysis of one preservative is necessary.
Quick and simple methods are described for the analysis of CSP containing parabens, Germall 115® and Kathon CG®. An appropriate new analytical approach is given for routine controls without any tedious extraction and /or costly equipment.
In addition it is shown how this methodology provides a number of substantial advantages at every step of development of new products, storage of raw materials and manufacturing, leading to increased safety and ensuring energy and time savings.
Les mélanges liquides concentrés de conservateurs: leur intérêt technologique et analytique dans les produits cosmétiques     

射频集成电路发展趋势

据市场调研咨询公司In-Stat/MDR的研究者称,到2005年全球所有家庭和办公室的无线以太网(Wi-Fi)接入点将达4400百万个。.现有频带中消费电子设备信号的干扰日益增加。与日俱增的通信需求已给通信业提出了挑战。骨干网络的传输速度业已提升到万亿位每秒,光纤也正进入局域网和广域网。此外,第三代系统(3G)不久将取代两代半系统(2.5G),包括通用便携无线服务(GPRS)、乃至改进数据速率GSM服务(EDGE)。为进一步改善移动通话质量并能提供可视服务,选择适当的工艺技术将不像以往那样简单,设计者将要面对诸多的抉择。工艺技术以往,用于移动电…     

Radiometric measurements and crop yield forecasting Some observations over millet and sorghum experimental plots in Mali

Abstract

A series of 45 plots of millet and sorghum were installed in Sotuba, Mali, during the 1985 rainy season. They comprised five varietiescommonly found in the surrounding countryside. Radiometric measurements together with phenological observations and leaf measurements were made every 7-10 days. At harvest the biomass was dried and each of its components was weighed.The data analysis shows that the grain-to-straw relationship can vary widely and is less dependent on the species/variety than on the environmental conditions. The comparison of accumulated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) versus instantaneous NDVI has shown the superiority of the first one through its higher stability. Total biomass is linearly correlated with accumulated NDVI since the tillering, while the final grain production is better correlated with accumulated NDVI after the booting. Furthermore, the terms of the regression seem to be time dependent.     

VIRULENCE LEVELS OF BIOFILM-GROWN LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES LO28 ARE LOWER THAN THOSE OF PLANKTONIC CELLS IN AN ORAL INOCULATION TEST ON MICE

The aim of this study was to produce Listeria monocytogenes biofilms suitable for virulence assays and to determine whether the released bacteria had the same virulence potential as their planktonic counterparts. Biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes LO28 strain, with or without Sphingomonas paucimobilis CCL10 strain, containing up to 7 log₁₀ cfu/cm² were produced in polypropylene syringes. The virulence of strain LO28 was analyzed in mice after intravenous, subcutaneous and oral inoculation. Its virulence level in binary cultures was not significantly different from that of monocultures. L. monocytogenes LO28 virulence in biofilms was lower than that of their planktonic counterparts after oral inoculation. Our results suggest that biofilms pose no greater health risk to the consumer than planktonic bacteria.