INFLUENCE OF TRAINING, METHOD, AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE HALO EFFECT.

120 STUDENT NURSES EACH RATED 6 PEERS ON 10-POINT SCALES FOR 6 SETS OF TRAITS. THE VARIANCE OF A JUDGE'S RATINGS FOR EACH OBJECT WAS FOUND, AND THE VARIANCE SCORES OF THE 6 OBJECTS FOR EACH JUDGE SUMMED, MEASURING THE HALO EFFECT BY THIS DISPERSION SCORE. TRAINED JUDGES EXHIBITED LESS HALO THAN UNTRAINED, BUT RATINGS MADE BY RATING 1 S ON 6 TRAITS AT A TIME YIELDED THE SAME AMOUNT OF HALO AS DID THOSE MADE BY RATING ALL SS ON 1 TRAIT AT A TIME. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE JUDGE AND THE OBJECT WAS A SIGNIFICANT VARIABLE FOR THE UNTRAINED JUDGES. HERE THE RATINGS FOR THE LESS INTENSE RELATIONSHIP EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY MORE HALO THAN THE RATINGS FOR THE INTENSE RELATIONSHIP. TRAINING OF THE JUDGES IMPROVED ALL RATINGS UNTIL THE JUDGE-OBJECT RELATIONSHIP WAS INSIGNIFICANT. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Colloidal particle aggregation in three dimensions

Colloidal systems are of importance not only for everyday products, but also for the development of new advanced materials. In many applications, it is crucial to understand and control colloidal interaction. In this paper, we study colloidal particle aggregation of silica nanoparticles, where the data are given in a three-dimensional micrograph obtained by high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography. We investigate whether dynamic models for particle aggregation, namely the diffusion limited cluster aggregation and the reaction limited cluster aggregation models, can be used to construct structures present in the scanning transmission electron microscopy data. We compare the experimentally obtained silica aggregate to the simulated postaggregated structures obtained by the dynamic models. In addition, we fit static Gibbs point process models, which are commonly used models for point patterns with interactions, to the silica data. We were able to simulate structures similar to the silica structures by using Gibbs point process models. By fitting Gibbs models to the simulated cluster aggregation patterns, we saw that a smaller probability of aggregation would be needed to construct structures similar to the observed silica particle structure.     

LUBRICITY INDEX OF MAYONNAISE

The Lubricity Index (LI) is defined as a new parameter to quantitatively evaluate mouthfeel. Rheological data were collected using a helical ribbon mixer viscometer with commercial mayonnaise products. The LI is calculated from changes in apparent viscosity due to temperature and moisture variations that mirror those found in the mouth during mastication. The rate of change in apparent viscosity with moisture and temperature was much lower with a fat free product than regular products resulting in a low LI value. The LI provides a basis for future efforts to understand, and mathematically model, the complicated process of fluid food mastication.     

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AN IMMERSION FRIED POTATO STARCH-GLUTEN GEL DURING POSTFRYING PERIOD

Moisture profiles in fried samples of potato starch with different gluten contents were determined during postfrying storage. Over time, moisture migrated from the core to the crust of the sample, and the moisture content of the crust region increased. The addition of gluten caused a significant increase in oil uptake in the crust. The initial hardness of the crust significantly decreased as the gluten content increased to 10 and 30%, during the first 30 min of storage. With longer storage time (> 240 min), the crust hardness tended to increase, due to an increase in firmness of the starch sample. This behavior was less pronounced for samples with 10 and 30% gluten. The range of linear viscoelastic behavior (up to 14% strain) was determined from the initial linear zone of the stress-strain curves. Stress relaxation tests were performed in the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic regions, with a strain level of 5% and 40%, respectively. According to stress relaxation curves, samples became less elastic with the addition of gluten and more elastic with the time of storage.     

Clinically Recorded Masticatory Patterns as Related to the Sensory Evaluation of Meat and Meat Products

The masticatory pattern of meat and meat products, varying from red meat to sausages of frankfurter type, was registered by ten strain gauges attached to a prosthetic appliance. The deformation rates measured could be as high as 200 - 400 cm/min, which should be compared to the deformation rates of 20 cm/min usually used in instrumental analysis of meat texture. Among the instrumental records of the masticatory pattern the number of chewing cycles was the best single indicator of the sensory impression of meat texture. A highly significant correlation with the sensory evaluations was achieved when a toughness index was formed as a product of the loading rate and the number of chewing cycles. The relevance of this is discussed in the light of failure mechanics of food and a hypothetical neuromuscular control of mastication.     

DIFFUSIONAL RELEASE OF WATER-SOLUBLE BIOACTIVE AGENTS FROM ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMERS

A model is presented for the diffusional release of theophylline and albumin from ethylene-vinyl acetate based polymeric systems with dynamically changing porosity. The model may be used to predict values of tortuosity of certain types of controlled drug delivery polymeric systems if drug dissolution limitations are negligible. The values of the tortuosity factor calculated indicate that small constrictions between large pores play an important role in the solute release behavior from these samples.     

TRANSPORT LEGACY OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES, 1992–2012

Legacy planning in preparation for the Olympic Games has significantly grown in importance for host cities and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) because of wasteful investments for some previous Games. Since the late 1990s, the IOC has actively sought to prevent such overspending through a Transfer of Knowledge program, in which valuable lessons are passed from one host city to the next. This paper analyzes the transport legacies of the Olympic Games, using original archive material and interviews with key decision‐makers in five cities. While previous research into the effects of the Olympic Games on host cities suggests that infrastructural legacies are place‐specific, the main argument of this paper is that the transport legacies of the Olympic Games are much more uniform across the host cities. Even though host cities’ transport systems were intrinsically different pre‐Olympics, the author finds that similar features of Olympic transport systems, developed through the Transfer of Knowledge program, produced similar legacies. In explaining the creation of transport legacies through Olympics‐motivated drivers, the author suggests the Olympics might trigger similar transport developments in future host cities. Therefore, city planners can use Olympic transport features as powerful catalysts to accelerate their urban and transport plans.     

SITUATIONAL VARIATION IN THE BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN.

10 SETS OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN UNDERGOING PSYCHOTHERAPY WERE ADMINISTERED A CHILDREN'S DEVIANT BEHAVIOR INVENTORY. 64% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR ENDORSED BY THE PARENTS WERE ENDORSED BY ONLY 1 PARENT IN A SET. BASED ON OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND A DETAILED INQUIRY FOR EACH ITEM ENDORSED, AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1039 DISAGREEMENT ITEMS WAS MADE TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH PARENTAL DISAGREEMENT REFLECTED SITUATIONAL VARIATION IN THE CHILD'S BEHAVIOR OR RESPONDENT BIAS. MOST OF THE ITEMS UNIQUELY ENDORSED BY 1 OR THE OTHER PARENT REFLECTED AN UNDER- OR OVERREPORTING BIAS, AND ONLY 6.8% OF THE DISAGREEMENT ITEMS REFLECTED SITUATIONAL VARIATION IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CHILD. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)