Phase locked loop-based clock synthesizer for reconfigurable analog-to-digital converters

Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing - This paper presents the complete design of a phase locked loop-based clock synthesizer for reconfigurable analog-to-digital converters. The...     

Formalization of Ring Theory in PVS

This paper presents a PVS development of relevant results of the theory of rings. The PVS theory includes complete proofs of the three classical isomorphism theorems for rings, and characterizations of principal, prime and maximal ideals. Algebraic concepts and properties are specified and formalized as generally as possible allowing in this manner their application to other algebraic structures. The development provides the required elements to formalize important algebraic theorems. In particular, the paper presents the formalization of the general algebraic-theoretical version of the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) for the theory of rings, as given in abstract algebra textbooks, proved as a consequence of the first isomorphism theorem. Also, the PVS theory includes a formalization of the number-theoretical version of CRT for the structure of integers, which is the version of CRT found in formalizations. CRT for integers is obtained as a consequence of the general version of CRT for the theory of rings.

     

Massive transformation and absolute stability

Under carefully chosen conditions, solidification theory may be applied to solid-state transformations, and this has been done here for composition-invariant diffusion transformations. The predictions of the modeling are compared with isovelocity experiments in two iron systems, Fe-7.29 wt pct Cr and Fe-3.1 wt pct Ni. The ferrite to austenite phase transformation is used to demonstrate that stabilization of a planar transformation front at absolute stability is the natural lower velocity limit for a composition-invariant (massive) transformation. The results of the model, which includes nonequilibrium effects, clearly show that steady-state plane-front growth leading to composition invariance can be obtained at various temperatures depending on the growth velocity. In the lower velocity range, at the limit of absolute stability (of the order of 10 μm/s in the systems studied), the transformation interface moves under conditions of local equilibrium, and the temperature corresponds to the lower solvus temperature. At higher velocity (of the order of the interface diffusion rate, which in these systems is of the order of cm/s), the transformation is predicted to proceed at temperatures close to T ₀. At even higher rates, atom attachment kinetic undercooling will decrease the transformation temperature with respect to T ₀. In some cases, this temperature might even drop below the lower solvus. This article is based on a presentation made at the symposium entitled “The Mechanisms of the Massive Transformation,” a part of the Fall 2000 TMS Meeting held October 16–19, 2000, in St. Louis, Missouri, under the auspices of the ASM Phase Transformations Committee.     

Atmospheric corrosion of reference metals in Antarctic sites

This paper presents the results obtained at three Antarctic test sites participating in the “Ibero-American Map of Atmospheric Corrosiveness” (MICAT), a project on atmospheric corrosion carried out during the period 1988–1994 at some 70 sites distributed across 12 countries of the Latin-American region, Spain and Portugal. The three Antarctic sites are located near the coastline.The singular climatic characteristics of Antarctic regions are related with the purity of the air, the absence of rainfall and the formation of ice on the metallic surface during an important part of the exposure time. However, electrochemical activity is possible below ice layers. This situation affects the structure and morphology of corrosion product films and the resulting corrosion rates of metallic surfaces.     

Hardware and software architecture for power quality analysis

This paper presents a novel concept for power quality hardware and software architecture. Software tools related to detection, classification and characterization of power quality events can be integrated into a Distribution Control Center in which the interconnection between different subsystems is being carried out through the Internet allowing flexibility to the system. This system is implemented using wavelet analysis applied in all proposed algorithms. Different power quality events are taken as examples to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed method. The obtained results reveal that the proposed architecture is feasible to be implemented as an integral part of a control center system.The proposed system has the property of fast and accurate detection and classification of any power quality disturbance event and introduces a new PQ index determination that allows characterizing any type of disturbance including the non-periodic signals.