Differential Evolution Algorithm Based Self-adaptive Control Strategy for Fed-batch Cultivation of Yeast

In the fed-batch cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, excessive glucose addition leads to increased ethanol accumulation, which will reduce the efficiency of glucose utilization and inhibit product synthesis. Insufficient glucose addition limits cell growth. To properly regulate glucose feed, a different evolution algorithm based on self-adaptive control strategy was proposed, consisting of three modules (PID, system identification and parameter optimization). Performance of the proposed and conventional PID controllers was validated and compared in simulated and experimental cultivations. In the simulation, cultivation with the self-adaptive control strategy had a more stable glucose feed rate and concentration, more stable ethanol concentration around the set-point (1.0 g•L^-1), and final biomass concentration of 34.5 g-DCW•L^-1, 29.2% higher than that with a conventional PID control strategy. In the experiment, the cultivation with the self-adaptive control strategy also had more stable glucose and ethanol concentrations, as well as a final biomass concentration that was 37.4% higher than that using the conventional strategy.     

A hybrid support vector machine and fuzzy reasoning based fault diagnosis and rescue system for stable glutamate fermentation

In industrial glutamate fermentation by biotin-auxotroph Corynebacterium glutamicum, biotin content variation in corn slurry greatly affects fermentation performance. To maintain the fermentation stability, a hybrid support vector machine (SVM) and fuzzy reasoning based fault diagnosis and rescue system was developed. The system uses SVM outputs as the inputs of the fuzzy reasoning classifier having a couple of production rules and condition membership functions related with SVM outputs, to categorize multiple faults. The effectiveness of the proposed system was verified in a normal fermentation run and two abnormal runs with different biotin initial-content faults with the aid of using on-line measurable data such as ammonia consumption rate and CO₂ evolution rate. The results indicated that the proposed faults-diagnosis system could cluster multiple fermentation faults quickly, accurately and stably, and faults and their types could be identified at the earliest fermentation stage. Based on the diagnosis results, the proposed system was further applied for real fault-rescue in two fermentations with different biotin initial-content faults. In both cases, by immediately taking relevant rescue measures after identifying the faults and their types, glutamate fermentations with initial faults were restored to normal, and final glutamate concentrations reached a normal level of 75–80 g/L at 34 h.     

初始生物素含量波动时谷氨酸发酵关键酶系的酶活变化模式

谷氨酸发酵培养基中的生物素初始含量会随玉米浆来源、批次的不同出现波动,进而影响谷氨酸发酵性能和稳定性。本文研究分析了谷氨酸发酵中,初始生物素含量正常/不当,特别是初始含量不当、采取补救措施条件下的丙酮酸、异柠檬酸和α-酮戊二酸代谢节点处关键酶的活性变化。生物素匮乏时,催化主代谢途径的关键酶活性均被弱化,特别是α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶完全失活,能量代谢主要靠乙醛酸循环维持。当发现生物素匮乏并补加生物素后,中心代谢途径关键酶--丙酮酸脱氢酶的活性恢复到正常水平,TCA重新成为主要供能途径。生物素过量时,丙酮酸羧化酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性基本不变,而其他关键酶均被激活。当发现生物素过量并添加吐温40后,丙酮酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶依旧保持很高活性,而α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸裂解酶的活性则下降到正常水平。采用上述补救措施可以挽救因初始生物素匮乏或过量所引起的错误发酵,终酸浓度均可恢复到对照（生物素亚适量）水平（75～80 g·L^-1）。另外,对生物素初始含量和吐温添加进行复合式调控,终酸浓度可进一步提高,达到87 g·L^-1,比对照提高8.8%。     

Hybrid thermal model for swimming pools based on artificial neural networks for southeast region of Brazil

Nowadays, the usage of systems based on solar energy have been largely stimulated. The correct designing and efficiency of these systems are highly dependent of the seasonal climatic characteristics of the regions where they will be installed. In this work, we propose a hybrid structure to simulate the thermodynamic behavior of pools, which uses neural computational models to incorporate the climatic information of the regions being analyzed. The neural models have as input variables data of geographic position such as: elevation, latitude and longitude, what permits to delineate the climatic profile of the region being considered. The human activity is another factor that directly influences the thermodynamic behavior of pools and, therefore, is also considered. In this work, changes of volume are estimated in order to track losses due to the human activity.     

Biophotonics for improving algal photobioreactor performance: A review

The use of algae as a feedstock for biofuels production has drawn considerable attention due to their high biomass yield, their ability to be cultivated using degraded water on nonarable land, and their ability to recover nutrients from wastewater. Although algae have the potential to provide biomass for biofuels, some challenges remain and the limitations may be overcome by improving algal growth rates together with lipid synthesis. To achieve this, scientific researchers have focused on isolating and screening algal strains with better growth rates and lipid synthesis capabilities, bioengineering, and optimizing culture systems. The present review focuses on the biophotonic-based manipulations that can be applied to optimize solar-powered photobioreactors (PBRs). Hence, three different types of solar filters are reviewed herein, that is, the colored glass, thin-film, and thermochromic filters. This review provides evidence that bright red-colored glass filters can lower the spectral intensity of solar radiation from 1982.13 to 393.71 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, which is preferable for improved biomass productivity. Changing filter color, once the desired biomass concentration has been amassed, to medium blue or bright pink further improves lipid yield. A 34% improvement in biomass productivity was observed for Chlorella vulgaris cultured under thin-film filters. Thin-film filters are also effective in regulating PBR temperature within the 24–31°C range, which is tolerable for most algal species. Furthermore, this study highlights that the applicability of thermochromic filters in PBR designs is still yet to be investigated. Thermochromic filters are reflective and absorptive under high and low temperatures, respectively, a technology that can be a solution to the overheating challenge of PBRs. This review recommends the coupling of these light filtration technologies to the horizontal tubular PBR for effective utilization of solar radiation in algaculture.     

Scale-up of L-lactic acid production by mutant strain Rhizopus sp. MK-96-1196 from 0.003 m3 to 5 m3 in airlift bioreactors

In order to study the feasibility of commercial-scale L-lactic acid production by Rhizopus sp. MK-96-1196 using large scale airlift bioreactors (ALBs), a scale-up study from 0.003 m3 to 5 m3 ALB was carried out using oxygen transfer rate (OTR) as the scale-up criterion. Enhanced L-lactic acid production was achieved at OTRs higher than 0.28 (g-O2/l/h) irrespective of the scale of the bioreactor in question: in the range of 0.003 m3 to 5 m3, more than 90 g/lL-lactic acid was produced with a yield of approximately 80%, based on the initial glucose concentration. In future research, we plan to design an ALB greater than 3000 m3 (working volume: 2000 m3) for further studies on the production of L-lactic acid in large quantities.     

Organic–inorganic hybrid material. I. Synthesis,characterization, and thermal property of a novel polyhedral cubic silsesquioxane

Hydrosilylation of 2‐chloroethylvinyl ether by octahydridosilsesilsesquioxane catalyzed by hexachloroplatinic acid was carried out to afford a quantitative yield of 3 in its white crystals. Thermogravimetric analysis of Si₈O₁₂(CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂Cl)₈ 3 revealed that it is reasonably thermally stable. Spectroscopic data and crystal structure were used to justify the integrity, structural and molecular connectivity of the hitherto novel compound. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 907–910, 2004     

基于高维调制的模分复用系统性能研究

为了提高系统的传输容量和传输性能,提出了基于高维调制的模分复用通信技术.通过搭建的基于高维调制的模分复用系统,仿真分析了4b-4D和8b-8D高维信号在不同光信噪比、传输距离和模式耦合系数条件下的传输性能,并与传统的谱效率相同的二维调制信号QPSK进行了对比.实验结果表明,在目标误码率下,4b-4D信号和8b-8D信号所需信噪比分别比QPSK信号降低了2和4 dB,传输距离分别比QPSK信号增加了20和40km.可见,随着信号维度的增大,信号的抗噪声性能及抗色散性能越好.此外,实验结果表明模式耦合对误码率的影响也随着信号维度的增加而减小.