Synthesis and characterization of NiPcTSTNa(L) thin films

NiPcTSTNa(L) [L = ethylenediamine (EDA); 1,4-diaminobutane (BDA); and 2,6-diamineanthraquinone (AqDA)] thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation. Their surface morphology was studied by AFM and SEM, and their chemical composition determined by EDS. Optical absorption studies of NiPcTSTNa(L) films were performed in the 200?C1150?nm wavelength range. The optical bandgap of thin films was determined from the (??h ??)^1/2 vs h?? plots for indirect allowed transitions. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity shows a semiconducting behaviour. The amorphous semiconductor films show thermal activation energies of electrical conduction between 3·3 and 3·7?eV.     

A CALCULUS FOR SELF-REFERENCE

An extension of the calculus of indications (of G. Spencer Brown) is presented to encompass all occurrences of self-referential situations. This is done through the introduction of a third state in the form of indication, a state seen to arise autonomously by self-indication. The new extended calculus is fully developed, and some of its consequences for systems, logic and epistemology are discussed     

A CONTINGENCY APPROACH TO CHOICE

The moment of choice, when a decision option is identified as being preferred, is a key stage in a decision-making process. Some explicit or implicit mechanism, be it optimising, satisficing or a combination of the two, is required to make a choice. Dependable decision-making requires an appropriate choice mechanism, but the process and criteria by which a choice mechanism is selected are seldom addressed. A contingency approach to choice is proposed in which a choice mechanism is selected according to the characteristics of the information available and the meta-level constraints and objectives of the decision-maker. Information used in the choice is characterised according to the extent and type of uncertainty. The importance in effective decision-making of meta-level requirements, for example for inclusive and transparent mechanisms, is discussed. Normative and fuzzy choice mechanisms are cast within a generic framework of choice mechanisms. A new theory of choice based on interval probabilities is introduced for use in some situations where existing theories of choice are inappropriate.     

ALKALINE NOODLES AND FLOUR/GEL PROPERTIES OF HARD RED AND WHITE WINTER WHEAT

Alkaline noodle characteristics and flour gel properties made with one white and one red hard winter wheat cultivar were studied. The wheat was grown in four Oklahoma agricultural districts, with two to seven locations on each district. Both cultivars had similar flour protein content and overall raw dough sheet color stability ( ΔL * and Δb *) in three out of four agricultural districts. Cimarron and Oro Blanco showed differences in Δa *, Δb * and adhesiveness in the North Central agricultural district. Resilience values of cooked noodles from Oro Blanco were small, but significantly higher in the Central district. Higher flour peak viscosity was observed for Oro Blanco, plus a trend to lower polyphenol oxidase activity and higher elastic modulus than Cimarron.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Hard red winter wheat from the U.S.A. is used in the manufacturing of alkaline noodles in Asia. Color and texture characteristics are among the most important attributes that determine the quality of this type of noodles. Two types of winter wheat cultivars, red and white, were compared and their key properties (including gel properties) of importance in the international trade and noodle manufacturing are reported.     

A NOTE: EFFECTS OF LOGARITHMIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF NONLINEAR GOALS IN THE GOAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEM

This note points out that in the context of goal programming the linearization of nonlinear goals by logarithmic transformations, as it is usually done in the field of mechanical engineering applications, is not in general a valid method and can lead to wrong results.     

Effects of Packaging Method, Display Light and Storage Time On The Microbial Growth and Rancidity of Fresh Pork

Effects of display light, packaging methods and storage time on total aerobic, lipolytic and proteolytic counts and oxidative rancidity of fresh pork stored at 2 ± 1° C were studied at the initial, 7th, 14th and 21st day of storage. Display light significantly increased the total aerobic psychrotroph count. Effects on lipolytic and proteolytic psychiotroph counts were not significant. No anaerobic psychrotrophs were encountered. Total and proteolytic counts of PVC film overwrapped chops and proteolytic and lipolytic psychrotroph counts of chops vacuum packaged accelerated linearly with time. Increases in lipolytic psychrotroph count of PVC packaged and total aerobic psychrotroph count of vacuum packaged chops were quadratic. TBA number and rancid odor scores were not significantly affected by treatments.     

PUBIFICATION OF WET PROCESS PHOSPHOHIC ACID BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION WITH DIBUTYL ETHER. PART. I. LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM OF THE SYSTEM WATER-PHOSPHORIC ACID-DIBUTYL ETHER AT 25°C.

Solubility and liquid-liquid phase equilibrium data have been determinated for the ternary system water-Phosphoric Acid-Dibutyl Ether at 25°

Data for the binodal curve have been obtained by analyzing the phosphoric acid percentage in both aqueous and organic phases. The plait point composition has been calculated by the Hand, Coolidge and Sherwood methods. The phosphoric acid extraction capacity of dibutyl ether has been compared to that of several solvents previously studied in the Alicante Chemical Engineering Division, showing that dibutyl ether has a phosphoric acid extraction capacity similar to propyl-ether and lower than isoamyl alcohol.     

PURIFICATION OF WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION WITH ISOAMYL ALCOHOL. PART II. STUDY OF THE IMPURITIES DISTRIBUTION.

ABSTRACT

In the present paper, information about the purifying of wet process phosphoric acid (WPA) by Isoamyl Alcohol (iA) is reported. Distribution coefficients of impurities such’ as Fe, Al, Mg, SO⁼ ₄and F, as well as the distribution of Phosphoric Acid (PA) and Isoamyl alcohol were obtained.

Furthermore the variation of the relative distribution coefficients and selectivities of the different impurities was studied as a function of the PA weight percent (wt%) in the organic phase. Removal of the impurities Fe, Al, Mg and SO⁼ ₄is favoured when decreasing PA wt% in the organic phase. Selectivity of F shows different behaviour, passing through a maximum when plotted against PA wt% in the organic phase     

Adsorption of Gas-Phase Phenanthrene on Atmospheric Water and Ice Films

The adsorption of gas-phase phenanthrene on atmospheric water and ice films was investigated in a flow-tube reactor with a view to understanding the processing of semi-volatile organic compounds by fog and snow. Air-water (ice) interface partition constants were obtained by measuring the mass uptake of phenanthrene vapor on thin water and ice films with varying thickness. Adsorption enthalpies and entropies were obtained from the temperature dependence of the interfacial partition constants. The surface adsorption is the predominant mechanism for the uptake of phenanthrene in water and ice films with small film thickness or at low temperature. The adsorption of phenanthrene to ice resembles that to sub-cooled water and there's no significant difference between the adsorption of phenanthrene to water and that to quasi liquid layer (QLL) if we take into account the uncertainties on the thermodynamic quantities measured. Molecular dynamics simulations of phenanthrene at air/water and air/ice interfaces support these experimental observations. The interfacial air-water and air-ice partition constants of phenanthrene increased greatly in the presence of surface-active substances, indicating that surface active materials effectively enhanced the uptake of organic compounds by atmospheric water and ice films.