On-Line Shape recognition with incremental training using binary synaptic weights algorithm

Recognition of hand drawn shapes is beneficial in drawing packages and automated sketch entry in handheld computers. In this paper, we propose a new approach to on-line geometric shape recognition with incremental training function, which utilizes a heuristic function to reduce noise and a neural network for classification and on-line training. Instead of recognizing segments of a drawing and then performing syntactical analysis to match with a predefined shape, which is weak in terms of generalization and dealing with noise, we examine the shape as a whole. The main concept of the recognition method is derived from the fact that internal angles are very important in the perceived shape of outlines. Our application's aim is to recognize elliptic, rectangular, and triangular shapes in a way similar to human cognition of these shapes. Human beings recognize such basic shapes regardless of the variations in size, noise on the shape border, rotation and in the case of triangles, regardless of the type of the triangle. The key concept is that the neural network learns the relationships between the internal angles of a shape and its classification, therefore only a few training samples which represent the class of the shape are sufficient. Fast meremental training, which is performed on-line, is accomplished by the use of the Binary Synaptic Weights algorithm, a one pass, feedforward neural network training algorithm. Incremental training offers the advantage of adjusting the recognition capability of the system to the user's drawings. the results are very successful, such that the neural network correctly classified shapes that did not have any resemblance to the shapes in the initial training set.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on aflatoxins

Summary The effects of gamma irradiation on a mixture of aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂ were studied. Standard solutions of A and B were irradiated at 5, 10, and 20 kGy in a solution of water/DMSO (9+1, v/ v) by using a¹³⁷Cs source. The control (0 kGy) and irradiated samples were subjected to RP-HPLC analyses with methanol/water (4+5, v/v) as the mobile phase. Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was the most radio-sensitive of the four compounds. The radiosensitivity of the other aflatoxins, was in increasing order: G₂, B₂, G₁. Only about 5% of AFB₁ remained after irradiation of solution A at 5 kGy. When the concentration of solution B was increased two-fold, trace amounts of AFB₁ remained after irradiation doses of 10 and 20 kGy. Irradiation was found to be suitable for the destruction of aflatoxins in solution.

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Einfluß von Gammastrahlung auf die Aflatoxine

Zusammenfassung Der EinfluB von -Strahlen auf die Aflatoxinmischung B₁, B₂, G₁ und G₂ wurde untersucht. Standardlösungen A und B wurden mit -Strahlung von 5; 10; bzw. 20 kGy in der Lösung von Wasser/DMSO (9+1, v/v) unter Verwendung einer¹³⁷Cs-Quelle bestrahlt. Kontroll(0 kGy)-und bestrahlte Proben wurden der RP-HPLC Analyse unter Verwendung von Methanol/Wasser (4+5, v/v) als mobile Phase unterworfen. Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) war die strahlenempfindlichste von den vier, die Strahlenempfindlichkeit der anderen Aflatoxine nahm bei 5 kGy in der Reihenfolge: G₂, B₂, G₁ zu. Nur ca. 5% von AFB₁ ist nach der Bestrahlung üibriggeblie-ben. Wenn sich die Konzentration zweifach erhöht (Lösung B), ist von AFB₁ nur eine Spur nach der 10 kGy- und 20 kGy-Bestrahlung übriggeblieben. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Bestrahlung zur Zerstörung der Aflatoxine in der Lösung geeignet ist.

     

Different approaches to synthesize carnosine selective imprinted polymers

Selective recognition of proteins by synthetic molecularly imprinted polymers is one of the interesting topics in biosciences. Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) and related histidine containing peptides are distributed in a wide range of tissues in vertebrate organisms. These peptides have been extensively studied because of their important physiological properties besides their metal chelation property. In this study, preparation of carnosine specific imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the recognition of imidazole containing peptides with and without copper ion is reported. Carnosine and copper–carnosine complex were employed as template molecules where 4-vinylpyridine and ethylenglycol dimethacrylate were chosen as monomer and crosslinker, respectively. The selectivity and binding studies of copper–carnosine imprinted polymer showed high selectivity toward both carnosine (template peptide) and the cupric ion. The selectivity of copper–carnosine imprinted polymer was 65% and carnosine imprinted polymer was approximately 40%. These results indicate that specific recognition of carnosine is depending on the basis of metal coordination     

Thermal degradation characteristic of Tetra Pak panel boards under inert atmosphere

hermal degradation characteristics of Tetra Pak panel boards (TPPB) can be useful to improve usage of such panels as an alternative to wood-based products such as plywood, fiberboard, and particleboard. In the study, samples from the TPBBs manufactured from waste Tetra Pak packages (WTPP) were heated in a nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (10, 15 and 20 °C/min) using a thermal analysis system. The Coats-Redfern kinetic model was applied to calculate kinetic parameters. The degradation rate equations were then established. In addition, the kinetic compensation effect (KCE) was used to correlate the pre-exponential factor (k _o ) with activation energy (E _a ) and the existence of the KCE was accepted. TG-FT/IR analyses were applied to the TPPB degradation and then the FT-IR stack plot was used to analyze gas products (CO₂, CH₄, HCOOH, and CH₃OH). Infrared vibrational frequencies and the micro, crystal structure of the TPPBs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), respectively.     

Chemometric Studies on zNose™ and Machine Vision Technologies for Discrimination of Commercial Extra Virgin Olive Oils

The aim of this study was to classify Turkish commercial extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples according to geographical origins by using surface acoustic wave sensing electronic nose (zNose?) and machine vision system (MVS) analyses in combination with chemometric approaches. EVOO samples obtained from north and south Aegean region were used in the study. The data analyses were performed with principal component analysis class models, partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Based on the zNose? analysis, it was found that EVOO aroma profiles could be discriminated successfully according to geographical origin of the samples with the aid of the PLS‐DA method. Color analysis was conducted as an additional sensory quality parameter that is preferred by the consumers. The results of HCA and PLS‐DA methods demonstrated that color measurement alone was not an effective discriminative factor for classification of EVOO. However, PLS‐DA and HCA methods provided clear differentiation among the EVOO samples in terms of electronic nose and color measurements. This study is significant from the point of evaluating the potential of zNose? in combination with MVS as a rapid method for the classification of geographically different EVOO produced in industry.     

Dynamic method for software test data generation

Test data generation in program testing is the process of identifying a set of test data which satisfies a given testing criterion. Existing pathwise test data generators proceed by selecting program paths that satisfy the selected criterion and then generating program inputs for these paths. One of the problems with this approach is that unfeasible paths are often selected; as a result, significant computational effort can be wasted in analysing those paths. In this paper, an approach to test data generation, referred to as a dynamic approach for test data generation, is presented. In this approach, the path selection stage is eliminated. Test data are derived based on the actual execution of the program under test and function minimization methods. The approach starts by executing a program for an arbitrary program input. During program execution for each executed branch, a search procedure decides whether the execution should continue through the current branch or an alternative branch should be taken. If an undesirable execution flow is observed at the current branch, then a real-valued function is associated with this branch, and function minimization search algorithms are used to locate values of input variables automatically, which will change the flow of execution at this branch.     

Determination of the energy savings and the optimum insulation thickness in the four different insulated exterior walls

The optimum insulation thickness of the external wall for four cities from four climate zones of Turkey, energy savings over a lifetime of 10 years and payback periods are calculated for the five different energy types and four different insulation materials applied externally on walls. Extruded polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, nil siding and rock wool as wall insulation material are selected. In this study, the net energy cost savings are calculated using the P₁–P₂ method. The results show that energy cost savings vary between 4.2 $/m² and 9.5 $/m² depending on the city and insulation materials. The highest payback period value with 2.25 years in Mersin found by using natural gas as an energy source for heating, while the lowest value is reached by using LPG as an energy source in Bitlis.