Summary: The rheological behavior of polyethylenes is mainly dominated by the molecular weight, the molecular weight distribution and by the type, the amount and the distribution of the chain branches. In this work a linear metallocene catalyzed polyethylene (m‐PE), a branched metallocene catalyzed polyethylene (m‐bPE), a conventional linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and a low density polyethylene (LDPE) have been investigated in order to compare their rheological behavior in shear and in elongational flow. The four samples have similar melt flow index and in particular a value typical of film blowing grade. The melt viscosity has been studied both in shear and in isothermal and non‐isothermal elongational flow. The most important features of the results are that in shear flow the m‐PE sample shows less pronounced non Newtonian behavior while in the elongational flow the behavior of m‐PE is very similar to that of the linear low density polyethylene: the narrower molecular weight distribution and the better homogeneity of the branching distribution are reasonably responsible for this behavior. Of course the most pronounced non‐linear behavior is shown, as expected, by the LDPE sample and by the branched metallocene sample. This similar behavior has to be attributed to the presence of branching. Similar comments hold in non‐isothermal elongational flow; the LDPE sample shows the highest values of the melt strength and the other two samples show very similar values. As for the breaking stretching ratio the opposite is true for LDPE while m‐PE and LLDPE show higher values. The transient isothermal elongational viscosity curves show that the branched samples show a strain hardening effect, while LLDPE and m‐PE samples present a linear behavior.
Dimensionless flow curves of different polyethylene samples. 相似文献
Modeling the water uptake by plant roots is a key issue in studying soil processes, which are governed by water dynamics: a comprehensive understanding and forecast of such dynamics is a relevant issue in managing water resources. Typically, movement of water in soils and uptake by roots are described by the Richards’ equation with a sink term, and numerical treatment of this problem is still a challenge, together with its practical implementations in user-friendly softwares. In order to tackle this problem, in the present paper we propose a simple and computationally fast algorithm developed as a Python code, implementing a numerical approach based on the shooting method, a classical tool for handling boundary value problems (BVPs) arising here from a discretization recently introduced for Richards’ equation: such a method is applied to the linearized Richards’ equation with Gardner’s hydraulic functions. This method is implemented also in MATLAB, in order to accomplish comparisons with built-in MATLAB solver for parabolic partial differential equations. The Python code is made available to readers, and is intended to be an easy tool for handling this problem in the framework of Gardner’s constitutive relations, filling the gap of other commercial codes, which do not provide choice of Gardner functions. Many numerical simulations are performed: the results are promising, since the proposed method behaves efficiently and in some cases it is able to converge even when the MATLAB solver fails; mass balance properties and order of accuracy issues are also investigated.
Nine cases of skin and nail infection due to Fusarium oxysporum, diagnosed in Tuscany in the period 1985-97, are described. Two manifested as interdigital intertrigo of the feet and seven as onychomycosis. All were diagnosed on the basis of repeated mycological examination, direct microscope observation and culture, as well as histological examination of biopsy specimens in two cases of intertrigo. Fragments of the fungal colonies were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for more detailed observation of fungal morphology. All patients had normal immune status and a history of the infection extending several years. Four of the patients with onychomycosis were treated with oral itraconazole, and clinical and mycological recovery was achieved in three cases. Two others were treated with cyclopyrox nail lacquer, successfully in one case. One patient with intertrigo was treated with oral itraconazole and one with oral terbinafine; both were also treated and with topical drugs, however clinical recovery was not confirmed by the mycological results. 相似文献