Reduced irrigation and rootstock effects on vegetative growth,yield and its components,and leaf physiological responses of Shiraz

Background and Aims: The study investigated whether rootstocks can modify grapevine responses to reduced irrigation. Methods and Results: Drip-irrigated Shiraz vines on eight rootstocks were subjected to industry standard and 30% reduced irrigation regimes over four seasons. Reducing irrigation decreased pruning weights and yield, but did not consistently affect irrigation water use index (IWUI). It increased leaf Δ¹³C. Reduced irrigation and elevated vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were associated with decreases in leaf water potential (ψ_l), leaf stomatal conductance and assimilation rate. Reducing irrigation raised leaf transpiration efficiency, whereas elevated VPD lowered it. These effects of reduced irrigation were independent of rootstock. Vines grafted to 101-14 had a higher ψ_l and achieved the highest yield and IWUI. The yields of vines grafted to Ramsey, Schwarzmann and 140 Ruggeri were also high. Vines grafted to 101-14, Ramsey and 1103 Paulsen had the higher rates of leaf assimilation. Rootstock did not affect Δ¹³C. Conclusion: The gain in leaf transpiration efficiency caused by reducing irrigation was not associated with a gain in IWUI. Rootstocks 101-14, Ramsey, Schwarzmann and 140 Ruggeri achieved higher yields and IWUI under both standard and reduced irrigation regimes. Significance of the Study: Among grafted vines growing on saline soil but receiving non-saline irrigation water and subject to a 30% reduction in irrigation, the yield responses of vines grafted on rootstocks rated as having good drought tolerance were the same as those of vines grafted on rootstocks rated as having poor drought tolerance.     

Texturization of Sweetened Mango Pulp: Optimization using Response Surface Methodology

Sugar added mango pulp was texturized with alginate. To optimize both the mechanical properties and thermostability of the products, an experimental design was used combined with response surface methodology. Alginate concentration was the major factor affecting mechanical properties of texturized pieces with higher strength as the gelling agent concentration increased. Furthermore, gel strength and thermostability generally increased as calcium and glucono-δ-lactone concentrations, and/or heat treatment duration increased. As large quantities of sweetened pulp were used, texturized pieces with high dry matter content and good flavor qualities were obtained.     

Sequencing Analysis of a 36·8 kb Fragment of Yeast Chromosome XV Reveals 26 Open Reading Frames Including SEC63, CDC31, SUG2, GCD1, RBL2, PNT1, PAC1 and VPH1

The complete sequence of a 36 775 bp DNA segment located on the right arm of chromosome XV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined and analysed. The sequence encodes 26 open reading frames of at least 100 amino acids. Eight of these correspond to known genes, whereas 18 correspond to new genes. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL databank under Accession Numbers: Z75154, Z75155, Z75156, Z75157, Z75158, Z75159, Z75160, Z75161, Z75162, Z75163, Z75164, Z75165, Z75166, Z75167, Z75168, Z75169, Z75170, Z75171, Z75172, Z75173, Z75174, Z75175, Z75176, Z75177, Z75178, Z75179. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Liposomes as Proteinase Carriers for the Accelerated Ripening of Saint-Paulin Type Cheese

The possibility of accelerated cheese ripening through addition of liposome entrapped proteinase to milk was investigated. Both enzyme encapsulation rate in liposomes and their retention in cheese were evaluated with multilamellar vesicles (MLV) and reverse-phase evaporation vesicles (REV). Using REV in Saint-Paulin type curd, no nitrogen loss was observed to the whey due to the added enzymes in liposomes. In cheese, REV produced a more progressive proteolysis during ripening than MLV did. REV addition did not lead to texture defects. Bitterness development, a critical defect in enzyme added cheese, could be delayed and minimized using REV.     

The near field of an antenna surrounded by a dielectric with two teeth

The near field of an antenna surrounded by a dielectric with two teeth is studied when the ambient medium is dissipative. We use the continuity of radial power flux and the boundary conditions at each interface, but not near the discontinuity, to express this field.     

Calibration of LANDSAT data for sparsely vegetated semi-arid rangelands

A LANDSAT-based rangelands monitoring system has been designed for semi-arid chenopod shrublands in southern Australia. Simultaneous ground and LANDSAT measurements were used to test multivariate calibration methods for estimating vegetation cover. Of three methods compared, the Lwin-Maritz and inverse estimators outperformed the classical approach. Data were analysed by rangeland type and as a combined set. Calibration curves, with errors of estimation, are presented for five major rangeland types.     

Reflectance modelling and the derivation of vegetation indices for an Australian semi-arid shrubland

Indices of vegetation ‘cover’ and ‘greenness’ are derived for LANDSAT MSS digital data for an Australian range land type, and their usefulness discussed with reference to the information content of the data and the effect of shadowing as an interaction between landscape components. The indices are related to a class of statistical models called mixture models which provides a formal framework for analysing reflectance data from multicomponent surfaces.     

SOLUBILITY AND DIFFUSIVITY OF GASES IN AN ORGANIC SOLUTION OF AMINE

Solubilities and diffusivities of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in a mixture of toluene and isopropanol organic solution of cyclohexylamine were measured at 20°C in the range of pressures of solute from 1 to 3 bars. This was performed with an original chromatographic technique taking into account the presence of the product of the reaction.     

An ethanol spray at veraison enhances colour in red wines

Aqueous ethanol (5% v/v) was sprayed onto bunches of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon 8–9 weeks following full flowering (controls were sprayed with water). Internal ethylene concentration in treated berries increased to a maximum within 6 hours, and berry colour subsequently increased substantially (maximum attained 2–3 weeks after spraying). Berry fresh weight at harvest was unaffected by ethanol treatment, but wine made from treated grapes showed greater colour intensity compared with control grapes.     

Quantifying phenotypic plasticity of berry traits using an allometric-type approach: A case study on anthocyanins and sugars in berries of Cabernet Sauvignon

In this paper we advance a novel allometric-type approach to quantify the stability of key berry traits viz. anthocyanins and sugars. To test the concept, we used data from Cabernet Sauvignon grown in a hot environment of South Australia. Sources of variation in berry traits included water supply, fruit load, seasonal conditions and their interactions. Anthocyanins and sugars were measured in berry samples taken 7–8 times between veraison and harvest. Rates and durations of accumulation of anthocyanins and sugars per berry were derived from a bi-linear model between amount of compound and thermal time. We develop a framework based on 'α' a parameter representing the slope of the regression between rate and duration in a log-log scale. This relationship accommodates three conditions viz. (a) potentially plastic, rate-driven trait (α–1), (b) potentially plastic, duration-driven trait (α < –1), and (c) a stable trait, whereby variation in rate and variation in duration cancel each other (α=–1). Under our experimental conditions, amount of anthocyanins (range of variation 148%) was more plastic than amount of sugars per berry (range of variation 37%). The slope α captured the differential plasticity of these traits: α was significantly greater than –1 for anthocyanins and statistically undistinguishable from –1 for sugars. The rate-dominated accumulation of anthocyanins explained the relatively large variation in this constituent whereas the tightly coupled, inverse relationship between duration and rate (α–1) explained the relative stability of sugars per berry. We conclude that our allometric-type relationship between rate and duration allows for the quantification of cultivar-environment specific plasticity of important berry traits.