Carbonization of coals into anisotropic cokes: 7. Copreheat-treatment under short contact-time conditions at high temperature

The copreheat-treatment of non-fusible and slightly fusible coals with A240 and hydrogenated A240 under high temperature-short contact-time conditions around 500 °C has been examined in an attempt to produce a formed coke with better anisotropic development. These conditions shortened the copreheat-treatment time and provided better anisotropic development in the resultant coke after carbonization. Effectiveness of short contact-time has been discussed in terms of the extent of depolymerization of coal molecules suitable for anisotropic development, this being related to coal liquefaction under similar conditions.     

Rapid detection cytomegalovirus pneumonia in recipients of bone marrow transplant: evaluation and comparison of five survey methods for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

To detect cytomegalovirus-associated interstitial pneumonia (CMV-IP) in recipients of BMT in its earliest stage, five CMV methods were assessed for their usefulness using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as the test specimen. Of the 43 cases enrolled in the study, PCR was positive in 12 cases, shell vial in eight, culture in eight and cytology in three. There were no positive cases in in situ hybridization. Based on this result, the 43 cases were classified into four groups: Group 1, three cases: positive in PCR, shell vial and cytology; Group 2, five cases: positive in PCR and shell vial; Group 3, four cases: positive only in PCR; and Group 4, 31 cases: negative in all CMV tests. Cases in Group 1 were judged as having the highest risk of overt CMV-IP. They were successfully treated with a combination of ganciclovir and immunoglobulin. Group 2 was diagnosed as having active CMV infection and ganciclovir monotherapy was effective for these patients. Groups 3 and 4 were not given anti-CMV therapy, but they were free from CMV-related manifestations throughout the study. The sensitivity and specificity of each survey method for the detection of Groups 1 and 2 were 1.0 and 0.89 in PCR, 1.0 and 1.0 in shell vial, 0.88 and 1.0 in culture, and 0.38 and 1.0 in cytology. Similarly, the positive and negative predictive values were 0.67 and 1.0 in PCR, 1.0 and 1.0 in shell vial, 1.0 and 0.97 in culture, and 1.0 and 0.88 in cytology. Thus, CMV survey on bronchoalveolar fluid was thought to be useful in detecting post BMT CMV-IP in its earliest stage.     

Liquid viscosities and densities of HFC-134a+glycol mixtures

Liquid viscosity and density of six binary mixtures of HFC-134a with glycols [ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (400), and polypropylene glycol (2000)] have been measured in the temperature range from 273 to 333 K. The viscosity was measured by a rolling-ball viscometer calibrated with standard liquids of viscosities and densities (JS5, JS10, JS20, and JS50). The density was measured with a glass pycnometer. The uncertainties of the measurements were estimated to be less than 3.4 % for viscosity and 0.04 % for density, respectively. An equation is given to represent the obtained viscosity values as a function of weight fraction and temperature.     

Field-induced spin density waves in Bechgaard salts in the presence of normal impurities

We study theoretically the effect of the quasiparticle scattering in field-induced spin density waves (FISDW) in Bechgaard salts in a high magnetic field. The effects of scattering are introduced by a random impurity model similar to the one used by Zittartz in his analysis of the charge density wave. Within the single-gap approximation and weak impurity scattering, we find that the FISDW with normal impurities is similar to a superconductor with magnetic impurities. From this analogy the thermodynamics as well as the electronic thermal conductivity and the sound attenuation coefficient of the FISDW are obtained.On leave of absence from Nankai University, China.     

Modification of mesophase pitch by blending Part 2 Modification of mesophase pitch fibre precursor with thermoresisting polyphenyleneoxide (PPO)

Polyphenyleneoxide was blended in amounts of 5 or 10 wt% into petroleum-derived mesophase pitch to reinforce the pitch fibre before the oxidative stabilization to achieve better handling properties. Although polyphenyleneoxide was fusible but hardly soluble in the mesophase pitch even at a spinning temperature of 350° C, blended pitch could be smoothly spun into pitch fibre 10m diameter, as could the parent pitch. Fibrous polyphenyleneoxide of less than 1m diameter was homogeneously dispersed in the pitch fibre, being arranged along the fibre axis. Such fibrous polyp henyleneoxide reinforced the pitch fibre considerably. The fibrous substances at the centre of the fibre disappeared in the carbonized fibre at 1300° C after oxidation at 250° C, although some short ones were observed in the skin region of the fibre, suggesting that polyphenyleneoxide was co-carbonized to be assimilated with mesophase pitch at the centre of the fibre, where the effects of oxidation may be rather limited. The oxidation reactivity and its mechanical strength after carbonization were slightly lower in comparison with those of the parent mesophase pitch.     

Carbonization of coals to produce anisotropic cokes. 1. Modifying activities of some additives in the co-carbonization of low-rank coals

Using low-rank coals, the modifying activities of some petroleum, coal tar and aromatic hydrocarbon additives have been examined to find procedures for their utilization in the preparation of blast furnace coke. Petroleum pitch, especially after hydrogenation, exhibited excellent modifying activity even with non-fusible coals. In contrast, the activity of coal tar was very limited with such coals. The napththenic component, revealed by n.m.r. of the additives, appears to be important in the co-carbonization by inducing fusibility and anisotropic development in such coals. Co-carbonization to recover the dehydrogenated additives was attempted. However, there was no development of the anisotropy in the resultant coke by dissolution of the coal particles although the coal particles were firmly fixed in the matrix. Acid-refluxing treatment of non-fusible coals was found to enhance their modification susceptibility, indicating that some of the acid-soluble mineral matter is important in the thermal depolymerization or fusion process of the coal.     

Carbonization and liquid-crystal (mesophase) development. 12. Mechanisms of the co-carbonization of coals with organic additives

In industrial situations, coals interact with solvents or additives to produce liquid fuels, solvent-refined coal, coal extract and metallurgical coke. In these processes there occurs a wide variation in effects or modifications of the coal by these additives. This paper describes the modifications which can occur, using a wide range of rank of coal, when these coals interact and are co-carbonized with a wide range of additives of different chemical properties. The optical texture of the resultant cokes is given special attention. The objective of the paper is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the mechanisms of these interactions. Possible mechanisms of interactions are summarized, kinetic and chemical structural aspects of reactions are outlined, the importance is mentioned of the formation of liquid phases enabling anisotropic optical textures in modified cokes to be created, and the industrial relevance of its possible development is discussed.     

Carbonization and liquid-crystal (mesophase) development. 8. The co-carbonization of coals with acenaphthylene and decacyclene

Several coals of different rank have been carbonized singly and also co-carbonized with acenaphthylene and decacyclene. The resultant cokes were mounted in resin and polished surfaces were examined for optical texture using a polarized-light optical microscope fitted with a half-wave retarder plate. The optical texture can be assessed qualitatively (visually) or quantitatively by a point-counting technique in terms of size and shape of constituent isochromatic anisotropic units. Some cokes from coals were Isotropic. Acenaphthylene was only able to exert a smaller influence than decacyclene on the optical texture of the resultant cokes from co-carbonizations. Decacyclene was able to modify the optical texture for both the low-rank non-fusible and the caking coals. The effects of changing the proportions of coal to additive were examined. Results are interpreted in terms of ‘depolymerization’ of the coal by the action of the additive (as solvent) and also by the action of the additive in modifying the processes of formation of semi-coke via nematic liquid crystals.     

Aspects of gasification and structure in cokes from coals

Cokes were prepared from nine coals of different rank and characterized by surface area measurement, reactivity to carbon dioxide at 1473K and Raman-laser spectroscopy. Rates of gasification of cokes on a unit surlface area basis (K¹ = g m^?2 min^?1) decreased with increasing rank of parent coal based on maximum oil reflectances. However rates of gasification could not be related to coke structure as measured by Raman-laser spectroscopy.