Coupling of light from an LED into a thin light guide by diffractive gratings

Ring-shaped and radial diffractive gratings are designed with rigorous diffraction theory to couple light of a nearly monochromatic LED into a thin planar light guide on the bottom side. The theoretical coupling efficiencies for ring-shaped and radial gratings are 41% and 66%, respectively. Optimized diffractive elements are manufactured with direct electron-beam lithography and reactive-ion-etching into SiO2 substrates. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical results for selected radial gratings is reached. Furthermore, the mass production tests using injection molding are carried out with good replicability.     

Deterministic diffractive diffusers for displays

A LCD backlighting device that uses a diffractive light extractor has been developed for applications in which pointlike light sources are employed. The novel system eliminates the images of light sources, which appear as bright lines emanating from each source in the conventional diffractive approach. In addition, the system illuminates the LCD uniformly: Modulation of the diffractive structure as a function of position is used to control the output field of this extended planar light source.     

Twin disc micropitting tests

Gears are important power transmission components and their efficiency and durability strongly depend on their tribological performance. The demand for higher efficiency has further increased the requirements for controlled tribological performance of gear contacts. One of the typical tribological failures that gears experience is micropitting, which is a fatigue failure of the surface strongly associated with low lubricant film thickness. Micropitting is claimed to be the dominant life limitation for ground hardened gears operating under modest conditions. In this work the factors affecting micropitting performance of gears were studied. Twin disc experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of surface roughness, lubricant type and surface treatment on micropitting performance of two case hardening steels. The test results showed that the roughness of the gear has a major impact on the micropitting performance. Also the use of DLC coating or carbonitriding surface treatment and the use of ester type lubricant had a beneficial effect compared to untreated or mineral oil lubricated surfaces.     

Evaluation of scanning electron microscopy images of a model dressing using image feature extraction techniques and principal component analysis

Twelve dressing systems made by varying protein type, oil level, CaCl₂, NaCl, and sucrose, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Images from the 12 systems were quantitatively analysed using methods of feature extraction. These methods were based on vectorisations of the images followed by principal component analysis on the extracted vectors. These techniques were used to examine the reproducibility of the acquired images as well as to relate the images to rheologic and sensory texture parameters. Two feature extraction methods were used: the angle measure technique (AMT) and the absolute difference method (ABDF). The ABDF method used fewer principal components to extract information from images relevant to the complex modulus/sensory viscosity of the system, but the information seemed equally well preserved by the two-feature extraction methods. The AMT was more efficient in classifying the images with respect to protein type. A fair correlation between images and complex modulus was obtained (R=0.73). It is suggested that a better correlation might be obtained by adding more systems, increasing the number of areas imaged for each system as well as avoiding systems of low viscosity.     

Rapid Development of Fasting-Induced Hepatic Lipidosis in the American Mink (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neovison vison</Emphasis>): Effects of Food Deprivation and Re-Alimentation on Body Fat Depots,Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles,Hematology and Endocrinology

Hepatic lipidosis is a common pathological finding in the American mink (Neovison vison) and can be caused by nutritional imbalance due to obesity or rapid body weight loss. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the timeline and characterize the development of hepatic lipidosis in mink in response to 0–7 days of food deprivation and liver recovery after 28 days of re-feeding. We report here the effects on hematological and endocrine variables, body fat mobilization, the development of hepatic lipidosis and the alterations in the liver lipid classes and tissue fatty acid (FA) sums. Food deprivation resulted in the rapid mobilization of body fat, most notably visceral, causing elevated hepatosomatic index and increased liver triacylglycerol content. The increased absolute amounts of liver total phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine suggested endoplasmic reticulum stress. The hepatic lipid infiltration and the altered liver lipid profiles were associated with a significantly reduced proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the livers and the decrease was more evident in the females. Likewise, re-feeding of the female mink resulted in a more pronounced recovery of the liver n-3 PUFA. The rapid decrease in the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in response to food deprivation could trigger an inflammatory response in the liver. This could be a key contributor to the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease in mink influencing disease progression.     

Quantification of microvessels in canine lymph nodes

Quantification of microvessels in tumors is mostly based on counts of vessel profiles in tumor hot spots. Drawbacks of this method include low reproducibility and large interobserver variance, mainly as a result of individual differences in sampling of image fields for analysis. Our aim was to test an unbiased method for quantifying microvessels in healthy and tumorous lymph nodes of dogs. The endothelium of blood vessels was detected in paraffin sections by a combination of immunohistochemistry (von Willebrand factor) and lectin histochemistry (wheat germ agglutinin) in comparison with detection of basal laminae by laminin immunohistochemistry or silver impregnation. Systematic uniform random sampling of 50 image fields was performed during photo-documentation. An unbiased counting frame (area 113,600 microm(2)) was applied to each micrograph. The total area sampled from each node was 5.68 mm(2). Vessel profiles were counted according to stereological counting rules. Inter- and intraobserver variabilities were tested. The application of systematic uniform random sampling was compared with the counting of vessel profiles in hot spots. The unbiased estimate of the number of vessel profiles per unit area ranged from 100.5 +/- 44.0/mm(2) to 442.6 +/- 102.5/mm(2) in contrast to 264 +/- 72.2/mm(2) to 771.0 +/- 108.2/mm(2) in hot spots. The advantage of using systematic uniform random sampling is its reproducibility, with reasonable interobserver and low intraobserver variance. This method also allows for the possibility of using archival material, because staining quality is not limiting as it is for image analysis, and artifacts can easily be excluded. However, this method is comparatively time-consuming.     

Expected shifts in Fusarium species' composition on cereal grain in Northern Europe due to climatic change

In Northern Europe, changes in climate may result in better growing conditions for many crops. However, the expected warmer and more humid conditions are favourable for Fusarium head blight infections on cereals. The Fusarium species prevalent in Nordic areas to date are the same as in Central Europe: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. poae. The prevalence of F. graminearum in cereal grain has already increased in Central Europe and is likely to increase in the North due to the expected changes in weather conditions, reduced tillage and the predicted increase in maize cultivation in Nordic countries. The possible weather extremes predispose cereals to Fusarium infections by increasing the populations of insect pests injuring plants. Adverse conditions may even create conditions suitable for F. subglutinans or F. verticilloides to infect maize and possibly other cereals in rotation in southern parts of Scandinavia. The importance of the species that infect in relatively dry conditions, F. langsethiae and F. poae, may also increase on winter cereals which are predicted to be more prevalent in future farming. If the number of crop species cultivated will increase and non-cereal crops are included in rotations effects of reduced tillage on Fusarium infections in grain could be limited. The predicted changes in climate towards 2050 are expected to slightly change Fusarium species composition in Northern Europe. An increase in F. graminearum and possibly the invasion of northern parts of Central Europe and Denmark by fumonisin producers is expected.