Identification and changes in the higher fatty acids of dried red pepper and red pepper powder

Summary The higher fatty acids of dried red pepper of the variety of Gorogled were identified by gas chromatography with using help of authentic compounds. Their amounts were determined using on absolute calibration method.The following acids were established: lauric, myrastic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic,arachidic and behenic acids. The results obtained from the quantitative measurements showed that linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids amounted to 80% of the total acids.The quantitative changes of identified acids in red pepper, of dried at 60°, 70°, 80° and 90 °C red pepper and stored as dried red pepper and red pepper powder over a 6-months period investigated.The results show that under the drying temperatures applied the amount of all fatty acids decreased with an increase in the temperature. During a storage a period of 3 months the amount of the respective acids decreased while the process was the most expressed in red pepper dried at a temperature of t = 70 °C.After a 6-months storage period under the drying condition applied the dried red pepper contained a greater amount of fatty acids compared with stored for 3 months.

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Identifikation und Veränderungen der höheren Fettsäuren von gemahlenem Paprika und von getrockneten ungemahlenen Paprikaschoten

Zusammenfassung Es wurden gaschromatographisch mit Hilfe von Vergleichsubstanzen die höheren Fettsäuren, die im gemahlenen Paprika (Sorte Gorogled) enthalten sind, identifiziert. Die Mengen wurden nach der Methode der absoluten Kalibrierung bestimmt. Es wurden folgende Säuren festgestellt: Laurinsäure, Myristin-, Palmitin-, Palmitoolein-, Stearin-, Olein-, Linol-, Linolen-, Arachin- und Behensäure. Die quantitativen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Menge der Linolen-, Linol- und Palmitinsäure 80% der Gesamtsäurenmenge darstellt. Es wurden die quantitativen Veränderungen der Fettsäuren von Paprika (Sorte Gorogled) bei Temperaturen von 60 °, 70 °, 80 ° und 90 °C, getrocknet und als getrockneter ungemahlener bzw.gemahlener Paprika, gelagert und innerhalb von 6 Monaten in Abständen von 3 Monaten verfolgt. Bei den angewendeten Trocknungstemperaturen nimmt die Menge der einzelnen Fettsäuren in dem getrockneten ungemahlenen Paprika mit Erhöhung der Trocknungstemperatur ab. Die Lagerung des getrockneten ungemahlenen Paprikas innerhalb von 3 Monaten führt zur Abnahme der einzelnen Fettsäuren, wobei dieser Prozeß am stärksten bei einer Trocknungstemperatur von 70 °C verläuft. Nach einer 6monatigen Lagerung des getrockneten und ungemahlenen Paprikas, nach Trocknung und bei den o. g. vier Temperaturen, ist die Menge der Fettsäuren höher im Vergleich zu jener der Fettsäuren in getrocknetem ungemahlenem Paprika nach 3 Monaten. Nach 3 Monaten enthält der gemahlene Paprika weniger Fettsäuren als der getrocknete und ungemahlene Paprika.

     

Forming post-socialist urban identities through small-scale heritage-based regeneration: a role for intangibles?

While the issue of socialist heritage in Central and Eastern Europe has been extensively researched by scholars, this paper addresses an existing gap in theory and practice ? how safeguarding socialist cultural heritage (tangible and intangible) can be used in post-socialist towns that have little emblematic resources available today to pursue urban progress and prosperity. The paper focuses on the city of Velenje in Slovenia and its collectivist means of original production. Attention is drawn to both the importance of this aspect of its intangible cultural heritage, and the problematic nature of appealing to it, to underpin citizens’ engagement in a small-scale urban regeneration project. The paper offers insights about how using cultural heritage can be called upon to motivate citizens to participate in urban development and reform their urban identity, drawing on the recent past and living memory, through volunteered labour.     

Reactor dosimetry for VVERs RPV lifetime assessment

A state of the art review of Reactor Dosimetry used for reactor pressure vessel irradiation damage assessment and lifetime evaluation of the Russian type VVER reactors is presented. The necessity of prospective studies in Reactor Dosimetry for improvements that will reduce the neutron fluence uncertainty and in this way to substantiate the extension of NPP lifetime is summarized by specialists in Reactor Dosimetry from countries operating VVER reactors such as Russia, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, and Bulgaria, together with specialists from Western European countries such as France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, and UK, operating PWR and BWR type reactors.     

Methods of increasing efficiency of construction,service, and repair of oil and gas equipment and transmission pipelines using adaptive pulsed welding and surfacing technologies

The conditions of automatic and manual argon-arc welding and filler materials are selected. The results of investigation of the technological and mechanical properties and also of the structure of the welded joints are presented.     

Quantitative changes in carotenoids during the storage of dried red pepper and red pepper powder

The quantitative changes in the main carotenoids (capsorubin, capsanthin, β + χ-carotene, zeaxanthin + lutein) of red pepper powder and dried red pepper during the storage have been investigated. Four drying temperature conditions such as 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C have been used. The total pigment of the dried red pepper was found to be slightly affected by the drying temperature. During the storage, the stability of the main carotenoids was dependent on the drying conditions of the product. The rate constants of degradation and the half-life period of the main pigments have been calculated under these 4 temperature conditions, too.     

Differential Regulation of cGMP Signaling in Human Melanoma Cells at Altered Gravity: Simulated Microgravity Down-Regulates Cancer-Related Gene Expression and Motility

Altered gravity is known to affect cellular function by changes in gene expression and cellular signaling. The intracellular signaling molecule cyclic guanosine-3^′,5^′-monophosphate (cGMP), a product of guanylyl cyclases (GC), e.g., the nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive soluble GC (sGC) or natriuretic peptide-activated GC (GC-A/GC-B), is involved in melanocyte response to environmental stress. NO-sGC-cGMP signaling is operational in human melanocytes and non-metastatic melanoma cells, whereas up-regulated expression of GC-A/GC-B and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) are found in metastatic melanoma cells, the deadliest skin cancer. Here, we investigated the effects of altered gravity on the mRNA expression of NOS isoforms, sGC, GC-A/GC-B and multidrug resistance-associated proteins 4/5 (MRP4/MRP5) as selective cGMP exporters in human melanoma cells with different metastatic potential and pigmentation. A specific centrifuge (DLR, Cologne Germany) was used to generate hypergravity (5 g for 24 h) and a fast-rotating 2-D clinostat (60 rpm) to simulate microgravity values ≤?0.012 g for 24 h. The results demonstrate that hypergravity up-regulates the endothelial NOS-sGC-MRP4/MRP5 pathway in non-metastatic melanoma cells, but down-regulates it in simulated microgravity when compared to 1 g. Additionally, the suppression of sGC expression and activity has been suggested to correlate inversely to tumor aggressiveness. Finally, hypergravity is ineffective in highly metastatic melanoma cells, whereas simulated microgravity down-regulates predominantly the expression of the cancer-related genes iNOS and GC-A/GC-B (shown additionally on protein levels) as well as motility in comparison to 1 g. The results suggest that future studies in real microgravity can benefit from considering GC-cGMP signaling as possible factor for melanocyte transformation.     

Corrosion behaviour of Zn–Co compositionally modulated multilayers electrodeposited from single and dual baths

The corrosion behaviour of Zn–Co compositionally modulated multilayers (CMM) was studied using corrosion potential measurement and the neutral salt spray (NSS) method. It was established that the corrosion potentials of the CMM, deposited from a single bath, are significantly more positive than those deposited from a dual bath. The best corrosion resistance was found for multilayers consisting of four sublayers, each 3.0m thick, deposited both from a dual bath and from a single bath (with an oversublayer of Zn–Co1%).