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1.
Possibilities and problems with the use of models as a communication tool in water resource management 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Politicians and policy-makers, as well as modellers, often nurses an expectation that model derived results is an objective
source of information that can be used to support decisions. However, several prerequisites have to be dealt with in order
to ensure that models can be used as legitimate and efficient tools in water resource management. Based on empirical material
from recent studies on the use of models in stakeholder dialogues, mainly focusing on catchment nutrient transport, two central
problems are identified: (a) Models are laden with choices and thus depend on assumptions and priorities of modellers. (b)
There are several factors that influence ability and willingness of stakeholders (as information recovers) to criticize or
accept results of the modelling exercise. Recognized factors likely to influence stakeholders' acceptance of model derived
results include issues at stake, stakeholders' ability to criticize model derived information, and their trust in the institutions
that have developed or applied the used models. Identified prerequisites for successful use of models in integrated water
resource management include: consideration of user relevance, awareness of and preparedness to handle constraints linked to
communication of model-based results, transparency of used models and data and of involved uncertainties, mutual respect between
experts and stakeholders and between involved stakeholder groups, a robust institutional network, and sufficient time for
dialogues. Development and use of strategies for participatory modelling, based on a continuous dialogue between experts and
stakeholders is recommended as a way to facilitate that the prerequisites for a successful use of models in water resource
management are fulfilled. 相似文献
2.
Statistical accident data plays an important role for traffic safety development involving the road system, vehicle design, and driver education. Vehicle manufacturers use data from accident mail surveys as an integral part of the product development process. Low response rates has, however, lead to concerns on whether estimates from a mail survey can be trusted as a source for making strategic decisions. 相似文献
3.
Frederik J. Hansen Zhiyuan Wu Paul David Anke Mittelstdt Anne Jacobsen Malgorzata J. Podolska Kenia Ubieta Maximilian Brunner Dina Kouhestani Izabela Swierzy Lotta Roßdeutsch Bettina Klsch Isabella Kutschick Susanne Merkel Axel Denz Klaus Weber Carol Geppert Robert Grützmann Alan Bnard Georg F. Weber 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(9)
Immunotherapy has become increasingly important in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Currently, CD73, also known as ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E), has gained considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target. CD73 is one of the key enzymes catalyzing the conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine, which in turn exerts potent immune suppressive effects. However, the role of CD73 expression on various cell types within the CRC tumor microenvironment remains unresolved. The expression of CD73 on various cell types has been described recently, but the role of CD73 on B-cells in CRC remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed CD73 on B-cells, especially on tumor-infiltrating B-cells, in paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples from 62 eligible CRC patients. The highest expression of CD73 on tumor-infiltrating B-cells was identified on class-switched memory B-cells, followed by naive B-cells, whereas no CD73 expression was observed on plasmablasts. Clinicopathological correlation analysis revealed that higher CD73+ B-cells infiltration in the CRC tumors was associated with better overall survival. Moreover, metastasized patients showed a significantly decreased number of tumor-infiltrating CD73+ B-cells. Finally, neoadjuvant therapy correlated with reduced CD73+ B-cell numbers and CD73 expression on B-cells in the CRC tumors. As promising new immune therapies are being developed, the role of CD73+ B-cells and their subsets in the development of colorectal cancer should be further explored to find new therapeutic options. 相似文献
4.
Lahtinen SJ Jalonen L Ouwehand AC Salminen SJ 《International journal of food microbiology》2007,117(1):125-128
Cell-free, pH-controlled supernatants of thirty-eight Bifidobacterium strains isolated from healthy elderly subjects were subjected to antimicrobial activity assay. Bioluminescent indicator strains Staphylococcus aureus RN4220, Escherichia coli K-12, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 were used as targets of antimicrobial activity. The effect of nutrient depletion on the inhibition was eliminated with spent-culture controls. Three out of thirty-eight Bifidobacterium strains were capable of inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. The inhibition was equal to 23.2+/-19.1% to 50.4+/-26.7% of the inhibition caused by 50 IU/ml nisin. Reuterin-producing positive strain Lactobacillus reuteri SD2112 was capable of 86.0+/-24.6% inhibition, but Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12, a known probiotic strain, showed no inhibition. None of the strains was capable of inhibiting the growth of E. coli or S. enterica. The observed inhibition by bifidobacteria was related to hydrogen peroxide formation and possible production of heat-stable proteinaceous compounds. The results suggest that production of antimicrobial substances other than organic acids is not common among Bifidobacterium strains typical of elderly subjects. However, specific strains were identified which showed considerable inhibitory activity against S. aureus. 相似文献
5.
Volatile compounds of Baltic herring analysed by dynamic headspace sampling–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Aro Tarja Tahvonen Raija Koskinen Lotta Kallio Heikki 《European Food Research and Technology》2003,216(6):483-488
European Food Research and Technology - The effect of storage time at 6&;nbsp;°C on the volatile compounds of Baltic herring was studied using the dynamic headspace–gas... 相似文献
6.
As a refractory gold mineral, pyrite needs to be oxidised prior to gold leaching. In this study, the effect of [Cl?] concentration (40.6–149.8?g/L), [Cu2+] concentration (0.8–31.6?g/L), pH (1.5–2.5) and temperature (25–90 –C) on the pyrite leaching rate was investigated. In addition, the open circuit potential (OCP) values of pyrite in cupric chloride solution were investigated. A linear regression model was constructed to predict pyrite dissolution rate i.e. corrosion current density. It was shown that the temperature had a significant positive effect on pyrite dissolution, while increased cupric ion concentration was also shown to provide some dissolution enhancement. According to the regression analysis, pH had no effect on the corrosion current density at OCP. Dissolution rates of pyrite varied between 0.05 and 2.9?µm/h. The activation energy values varied from 20 to 90?kJ/mol, indicated that the pyrite dissolution reaction rate was controlled by the chemical reaction or mixed mechanism rather than diffusion alone. The simultaneous increase in corrosion potential and corrosion current density indicated that the anodic pyrite dissolution reaction was rate determining at OCP. 相似文献
7.
Sara ÅM Bergquist Ulla E Gertsson Lotta YG Nordmark Marie E Olsson 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2007,87(13):2464-2471
Flavonoids are important in plant interactions with the environment and may have positive effects on human health. Effects of light quality and quantity on flavonoid concentration were studied in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivated under three types of shade netting differing in transmittance of UV‐B and PAR, at two times during the season. Leaves harvested at two growth stages for each sowing were subjected to different post‐harvest storage conditions. Shade nettings had a relatively small effect on flavonoid concentration in baby spinach. The largest effect was found when radiation was most intense. The nettings then decreased total flavonoid concentration by 15–24% at the normal commercial growth stage at harvest. Radiation and plant growth both affected flavonoid concentration, in opposite or similar directions depending on time of season. This variation was reflected in the statistical analysis, showing significant interactions among the factors. There were large differences (up to 100%) in flavonoid concentration between the different times of the season, in shaded as well as unshaded spinach. Flavonoid concentration and composition changed during storage, but no consistent difference was found between the shaded and unshaded leaves. In most cases, total flavonoid concentration increased significantly during the first 6 days of storage. In conclusion, the use of shade netting is acceptable for production of baby spinach as regards flavonoid concentration and composition. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
8.
Levén L Nyberg K Korkea-Aho L Schnürer A 《The Science of the total environment》2006,364(1-3):229-238
This study focuses on the presence of phenols in digestate from seven Swedish large-scale anaerobic digestion processes and their impact on the activity of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) in soil. In addition, the importance of feedstock composition and phenol degradation capacity for the occurrence of phenols in the digestate was investigated in the same processes. The results revealed that the content of phenols in the digestate was related to the inhibition of the activity of AOB in soil (EC(50)=26 microg phenols g(-1) d.w. soil). In addition, five pure phenols (phenol, o-, p-, m-cresol and 4-ethylphenol) inhibited the AOB to a similar extent (EC(50)=43-110 microg g(-1) d.w. soil). The phenol content in the digestate was mainly dependent on the composition of the feedstock, but also to some extent by the degradation capacity in the anaerobic digestion process. Swine manure in the feedstock resulted in digestate containing higher amounts of phenols than digestate from reactors with less or no swine manure in the feedstock. The degradation capacity of phenol and p-cresol was studied in diluted small-scale batch cultures and revealed that anaerobic digestion at mesophilic temperatures generally exhibited a higher degradation capacity compared to digestion at thermophilic temperature. Although phenol, p-cresol and 4-ethylphenol were quickly degraded in soil, the phenols added with the digestate constitute an environmental risk according to the guideline values for contaminated soils set by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. In conclusion, the management of anaerobic digestion processes is of decisive importance for the production of digestate with low amounts of phenols, and thereby little risks for negative effects of the phenols on the soil ecosystem. 相似文献
9.
Carbon fiber reinforced carbon composites are produced by modified chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of a textile fiber preform. The modified process called rapid CVI (r-CVI) allows a fast production of the matrix as well as the adjustment of graphene orientation of the matrix. At a processing temperature of 1200 °C graphene stacks are produced which are oriented roughly in fiber orientation. Mechanical testing at different temperatures as well as after temperature treatment and optional surface siliconization was carried out on C/C. Thermal treatment leads to growth and realignment of the graphene stacks in the matrix resulting in an intensified anisotropy of the composite. High temperature tests beyond processing temperature on C/C lead to mechanically induced straightening of graphene stacks in loading direction. The improved orientation of the graphene structure which is proven by XRD measurements leads to higher loading capacity and therefore to better mechanical properties in 0/90° fiber direction and to reduced mechanical performance in ±70° fiber orientation. This effect is also shown in transverse tensile tests when the graphene layers in the matrix are loaded perpendicular to their orientation. Furthermore a new method to microstructural assessment is presented. 相似文献
10.
Hovander L Linderholm L Athanasiadou M Athanassiadis I Bignert A Fängström B Kocan A Petrik J Trnovec T Bergman A 《Environmental science & technology》2006,40(12):3696-3703
The over-riding aim of the present investigation was to obtain information concerning exposure that can be used as a basis for studies on the health of individuals residing in the Michalovce area of eastern Slovakia which is heavily contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Accordingly, this work focused on determination of serum concentrations of hydroxylated (OH-PCBs) and methylsulfonyl-substituted (MeSO2-PCBs) metabolites of PCBs. One hundred and twenty-two men and women, 20-59 years of age, living in the contaminated area and 175 from the control Stropkov/Svidnik district were selected randomly from 2047 sampled individuals. Following a specially designed cleanup, the levels of various congeners of OH-PCBs and MeSO2-PCBs in their serum were quantitated by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, with comparison to authentic reference standards. The median concentrations of PCB congeners and their OH-PCB and MeSO2-PCB metabolites were 2-3-fold higher in residents of Michalovce than in the control region. The levels of certain OH-PCB metabolites were in the same high range as those of individual PCB congeners, whereas the MeSO2-PCB levels were significantly lower. The PCB and their metabolites were present at slightly higher concentrations in men than in women, and the serum levels of PCBs and MeSO2-PCBs increased with increasing age. Thus, the environmental contamination resulting from previous industrial production of PCBs has led to elevated concentrations of PCBs and their metabolites in the serum of individuals living in the Michalovce area. 相似文献