Puffing Effects on Functional Properties of Amaranthus paniculatas (Rajgeera) Seed Flour

Among functional properties studied, water- anf fat-holding capacities were higher for puffed grain flour. Gelation was not affected, while foaming was adversely affected by puffing. A decrease in viscosity of flour pastes also resulted due to puffing.     

An approach to the detection of synthetic milk in dairy milk: 1. Detection of urea

A qualitative test for the detection of externally added urea (as synthetic milk) was developed using soybean urease. The quantitative detection of synthetic milk in dairy milk could be achieved by this method based on the 'a' value of 'L, a, b' scale of the HunterLab colorimeter and also by the diacetyl complexation method. Both methods are sensitive enough to detect amounts as low as 2% synthetic milk added to dairy milk, corresponding to 20 mg of added urea per 100 ml.
This work reports on methods to detect and estimate unionic detergents, which are important ingredients of synthetic milk formulations, based on the extraction of a detergent—Methylcne Blue complex in chloroform which can be subsequently quantified by measuring the optical density at 653 nm. A base value of 0.52 for optical density was found to represent pure cow's milk Any result above this value suggested the presence of an anionic detergeni in milk.     

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as an additive for oil reduction in deep-fat fried paneer

The effect of different levels of CMC on the uptake of vegetable oil during the deep-fat frying of paneer was studied by: (i) direct addition of CMC to the milk and (ii) dipping the paneer cubes into solutions of CMC for different time intervals. The fried paneers were evaluated for chemical composition, hardness and sensory characteristics. Method (i) proved to be beneficial in all respects as compared to (ii), as the absorption of water from the suspensions of CMC destroyed the texture of the paneer.     

Numerical simulation for determination of limit strains of a cold rolled and solution treated Nimonic C-263 alloy sheet

Nimonic alloys are Ni-base superalloys used for several high temperature applications, notable among them are the components in space vehicles, rocket engines, submarines, nuclear reactors, chemical processing vessels and heat exchange tubing as they exhibit excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. Hence, evaluation of their formability characteristics is of utmost importance to make them into several useful components. Limit strains or forming limit curve is one of the parameters that indicates the formability, especially the drawability of sheet metal for deep drawing applications. In this paper, the limit strains of Nimonic C-263 alloy is investigated and presented using an explicit finite element code LSDYNA 3D. The material properties and the material model are evaluated by conducting tensile tests. The limit strains obtained from the simulation are verified by the analytical equations developed using vertex theory. The results tally within ±10% error.     

Loading a flexible manufacturing system

This paper examines the problem of master scheduling for an FMS in Scotland containing six CNC horizontal boring machines. A multiple criteria approach is used to choose the compatible subset of candidate orders for processing by this FMS, subject to resource constraints and potentially conflicting performance objectives. A structured framework for conflict resolution is described and compromise solutions are obtained using standard mathematical programming software.     

TIME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS FOR IQF SHRIMP WITH LIQUID NITROGEN AND ITS QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Experiments were conducted to study the time temperature relationship during freezing of individual raw shrimp by dipping in Liquid Nitrogen. Four sets of experiments were conducted. The first set involved the assessment of the temperature profile of the gaseous nitrogen environment in a thermocole container with varying quantity of liquid nitrogen. The next two sets of experiments involved direct dipping of the raw shrimp in a liquid nitrogen bath in a thermocole container using perforated stainless steel tray suspended by means of a wire loop, one in a single tier and the other in a double tier. The fourth set was conducted in a laboratory model tunnel provided with immersion freezing facility. In each case, the dipping time was progressively increased from 5 s to 30 s at 5 s increments. The time‐temperature relationships obtained were compared with those from available literature and were found to exhibit similar trend. The quality of the frozen shrimp was also studied in terms of pH, TVB, TMA and Indole content. It was observed that dipping shrimp in liquid nitrogen for the specified period retained the quality well within the acceptable commercial limit.     

Application of remote sensing in rattan resource survey—a case study from Kerala,India

Abstract

The use of remote sensing technique in identifying probable rattan (cane) habitats in the natural forests of Kerala has been successfully demonstrated. Rattans occur as climbing palms in scattered, isolated pockets in different forest types. The heterogenous nature of the overstorey vegetation, as well as the lack of information on their tonal differentiability characterises the problems in delineating such areas from the rest of the forest. A new approach has been adopted to overcome this difficulty. Ground truth information was collected from as many locations as possible, to include all habitat conditions. A few of these data were statistically selected as Training sets for map preparation through digital image processing. The rest were used to cross-check the map and a method involving deductive and inductive analysis based on the colour signature of the overstorey vegetation applied as a key feature of this approach.     

Analysis of mixed-mode fracture in concrete using interface elements and a cohesive crack model

The paper presents a model, based on nonlinear fracture mechanics, for analysing crack propagation in quasi-brittle materials, such as concrete. The work is limited to two-dimensions, and therefore, the fracture modes of interest are mode I (pure tension) and mode II (pure shear). The constitutive model has been implemented in the context of the finite element method using interface elements. The fracture is simulated through a discrete crack represented by the interface with a cohesive crack stress-separation relation derived from the model, which is based on a fracture criterion, together with a flow rule and a softening law. The model is used for simulating results from an experimental study on beams with centric and eccentric notches of high and normal strength concretes, and explaining other test results available in the literature.     

Visual search strategies and eye movements when searching Chinese character screens

Most visual search studies have been restricted to alphanumeric stimulus materials. Research related to scanning patterns of Chinese characters is sparse. This study is an attempt to understand the differences and similarities in visual search of Chinese characters having a varying degree of complexity among Hong Kong Chinese, Mainland Chinese and Chinese reading non-Chinese people. Eighteen participants were tested on Chinese character screens with three layouts (row, column, and uniform separation) and two word complexities (high and low). The 18 participants comprised six Hong Kong Chinese, six Mainland Chinese and six non-native Chinese readers. Performance data and eye movement data were recorded. The percent correct and search time were the two performance measures. A new measure, called HV-ratio was developed to characterize eye movements. The results show that Hong Kong Chinese use predominantly horizontal search patterns while the Mainland Chinese change their search pattern depending on the layout presented. Non-native Chinese readers, on the other hand, do not seem to show any preference on scanning strategy for a given layout. Word complexity did not show any significant effect on search time. Potential reasons for these differences and design implications are discussed.