Principles of electrospraying: A new approach in protection of bioactive compounds in foods

ABSTRACT

Electrospraying is a potential answer to the demands of nanoparticle fabrication such as scalability, reproducibility, and effective encapsulation in food nanotechnology. Electrospraying (and the related process of electrospinning) both show promise as a novel delivery vehicle for supplementary food compounds since the process can be carried out from an aqueous solution, at room temperature and without coagulation chemistry to produce matrices or particulates in the micro- and nano-range. The presentation of core materials at the nanoscale improves target ability to specific areas of the digestive tract and gives improved control of release rate. Adoption of these electrohydrodynamic atomization technologies will allow the industry to develop a wide range of novel high added value functional foods. To optimize production conditions and maximize throughput, a clear understanding of the mechanism of electrospraying is essential. This article presents a comprehensive review of the principles of electrospraying to produce nanoparticles suitable for food technology application, particularly for use in encapsulation and as nanocarriers.     

Kinetic parameter determination of vegetable oil oxidation under Rancimat test conditions

In this research, five different vegetable oils were oxidized at four different temperatures (373, 383, 393, and 403 K) under Rancimat test conditions. An increasing rate of oxidation could be observed as temperature increased. The natural logarithms of the kinetic rate constant (k value) varied linearly with respect to temperature, with the temperature coefficients (T_Coeff) ranging from 6.95×10^–2 to 7.40× 10^–2 K^–1 for the vegetable oils. On the basis of the Arrhenius equation and the activated complex theory, frequency factors (A), activation energies (E_a), Q₁₀ numbers, activation enthalpies (ΔH⁺⁺), and activation entropies (ΔS⁺⁺) for oxidative stability of the vegetable oils were calculated. The A, E_a, Q₁₀, ΔH⁺⁺, and ΔS⁺⁺ values for the vegetable oils ranged from 6.38×10³ to 28.03×10³ h^–1, from 86.86 to 92.42 kJ/mol, from 2.08 to 2.18, from 83.64 to 89.20 kJ/mol, and from –116.66 to –104.35 J/mol K, respectively.     

Enhanced biosurfactant production with low-quality date syrup by Lactobacillus rhamnosus using a fed-batch fermentation

Food Science and Biotechnology - Novel strategies toward the use of low-cost media to produce food-grade microbial products have been considerably attended in recent years. In this study, date...     

Evaluation of the performance of ANN in predicting of electrofacies (estimated by SOM,AHC, and MRGC models)

Log facies analysis is important for reservoir characterization, but is made particularly difficult by the problem of “dimensionality”: log space is not equivalent to geological space, and two points that are close to each other in log space may not always be similar geologically. Even with good visualization tools, performing classic method (two-step) manually in high-dimensional (>3) space is still difficult, slow, somewhat subjective, and requires a skill or expertise that is not always readily available. Recently, some novel methods are found such as multiregression graph-based clustering (MRGC), agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), and self-organizing map (SOM). In comparison with the existing two-step tool, new models have been found to make the work much faster and easier, but they need porosity and permeability for training that requires skill and time. In this study a neural network-based electrofacies determination technique is presented and finally electrofacies that evaluated in new models were determined very fast by using some logs without any computing of porosity or shale volume.     

Employing secure coding practices into industrial applications: a case study

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are the vital part of modern critical infrastructures. Recent attacks to ICS indicate that these systems have various types of vulnerabilities. A large number of vulnerabilities are due to secure coding problems in industrial applications. Several international and national organizations like: NIST, DHS, and US-CERT have provided extensive documentation on securing ICS; however proper details on securing software application for industrial setting were not presented. The notable point that makes securing a difficult task is the contradictions between security priorities in ICS and IT systems. In addition, none of the guidelines highlights the implications on modification of general IT security solutions to industrial settings. Moreover based on the best of our knowledge, steps to develop a successful real-world secure industrial application have not been reported. In this paper, the first attempts to employ secure coding best practices into a real world industrial application (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) called OpenSCADA is presented. Experiments indicate that resolving the vulnerabilities of OpenSCADA in addition to possible improvement in its availability, does not jeopardize other dimensions of security. In addition, all experiments are backed up with proper statistical tests to see whether or not, improvements are statistically significant.     

Accurate determination of calcium stearate by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method in polymer

In this study, an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method is presented for the determination of calcium stearate in polymer samples after their pyrolysis. Samples of polymers were burned in an electrical furnace at 500°C. After thermal degradation of polymeric matrix, 1M HCl solution was added to dissolve the residue. Then the absorbance of solution was measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at calcium atomic line. This method has an extent linear dynamic range (0.4–50 mg/L) with a limit of detection (LOD) 0.1 mg/L in solution. LOD of the proposed method in polymer sample using 0.5 g sample size is 15 ppm as calcium stearate. Some effective parameters such as time and temperature of pyrolysis and concentration of hydrochloric acid were studied. Finally, this method was successfully applied for the determination of calcium stearate content of standard and real polymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008