Manual and computer-aided space analysis: a comparative study

Separate injections of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-tetanus conjugate (PRP-T) vaccine and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) reconstitution of freeze-dried PRP-T vaccine with liquid DTP vaccine have been shown to be safe and immunogenic in infants. The present study was conducted to test the safety and immunogenicity of the liquid combination vaccine administered to young infants in the dual-chamber syringe. The study was a monocenter, open clinical trial of 3 month-old infants receiving PRP-T and DTP vaccines in the dual-chamber syringe reconstituted prior to injection. Healthy infants were immunized according to a 3, 4 and 5 months-of-age schedule. The vaccine was administered in a dual-chamber syringe, ready to use with two chambers. The proximal chamber contained freeze-dried PRP-T and the distal chamber contained liquid combination-vaccine DTP. The freeze-dried PRP-T vaccine was reconstituted with the liquid DTP vaccine in the same unidose dual-chamber syringe (0.5 mL) and was injected intramuscularly into the deltoid region. Blood sampling was performed prior to vaccination at 3 months of age and after the third vaccination at 6 months. The primary end-point was the serological response to PRP-T vaccine as expressed by the percentage of infants with an antibody titer greater than or equal to 1 microgram/mL. The reactogenicity was expressed as the percentage of reported local and systemic reactions. A total of 108 infants were included in the study and received the dual-chamber syringe vaccine. After the third injection, all the infants had a PRP antibody titer greater than or equal to 0.15 microgram/mL and 94.4% of infants had a PRP antibody titer greater than or equal to 1 microgram/mL; the pertussis agglutinin titers were over the threshold 40 and 80 in all infants and 98.1% were over the threshold 320. After the third injection, all the infants had diphtheria antibody titers greater than 0.1 IU/mL and 83.3% had titers greater than 1 IU/mL; all the infants had tetanus antibody titers greater than 0.1 IU/mL and 97.2% had results over 1 IU/mL. Thirty-seven infants (34.6%) had local reactions and 64.5% had systemic reactions. The dual-chamber syringe may reduce the cost of vaccine delivery, as well as the workload, and increase the vaccine acceptability and coverage rate of vaccines.     

Excess volumes and excess viscosities of binary mixtures of 1-bromo-2-methylpropane + an isomer of butanol at 298.15 and 313.15 K

Excess volumesV ^E, excess viscosities ^E, and excess free energies of activation of flow G^*E at 298.15 and 313.15 K are reported for binary mixtures of 1-bronw-2-methypropane and each of the alcoholic isomers of I-butanol. The results were obtained from density and viscosity measurements and show positive values forV ⁴ and negative for both ^E andG ^*E for all mixtures over the entire composition range.     

Effect of Food Ingredients on the Viscosity of Phosphate Monoesters of Corn Starch

The influence of sodium chloride, sucrose and pH on the pasting characteristics of corn starch phosphate monoesters (SPM) with different degrees of substitution (D.S.) were investigated. The SPM with D.S. of 0.055 showed a marked decrease of the initial viscosity with an increase of sucrose concentration up to 55%. The opposite effect was observed for the SPM with D.S. of 0.113 and 0.147. All the SPM presented a higher final viscosity with an increase of sucrose concentration. A significant decrease of the initial viscosity and of all other pasting characteristics of the initial viscosity and of all other pasting characteristics was noted in the presence of sodium chloride. The phosphated starches were not stable in acidic medium and showed some reduction of their pasting characteristics in alkaline medium.     

Solid Tumors and Kinase Inhibition: Management and Therapy Efficacy Evolution

The increasing numbers of cancer cases worldwide and the exceedingly high mortality rates of some tumor subtypes raise the question about if the current protocols for cancer management are effective and what has been done to improve upon oncologic patients’ prognoses. The traditional chemo-immunotherapy options for cancer treatment focus on the use of cytotoxic agents that are able to overcome neoplastic clones’ survival mechanisms and induce apoptosis, as well as on the ability to capacitate the host’s immune system to hinder the continuous growth of malignant cells. The need to avert the highly toxic profiles of conventional chemo-immunotherapy and to overcome the emerging cases of tumor multidrug resistance has fueled a growing interest in the field of precision medicine and targeted molecular therapies in the last couple of decades, although relatively new alternatives in oncologic practices, the increased specificity, and the positive clinical outcomes achieved through targeted molecular therapies have already consolidated them as promising prospects for the future of cancer management. In recent years, the development and application of targeted drugs as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have enabled cancer treatment to enter the era of specificity. In addition, the combined use of targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and traditional chemotherapy has innovated the standard treatment for many malignancies, bringing new light to patients with recurrent tumors. This article comprises a series of clinical trials that, in the past 5 years, utilized kinase inhibitors (KIs) as a monotherapy or in combination with other cytotoxic agents to treat patients afflicted with solid tumors. The results, with varying degrees of efficacy, are reported.     

Isostere Adsorptionswärme des Ethans an Zeolithen vom Typ NaX und NaY

Isosteric Heat of Adsorption of n-Ethane on Zeolites NaX and NaY Using a volumetric method isotherms of adsorption of ethane on zeolites NaX and NaY were measured. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation was used to calculate the isosteric heat of adsorption of the paraffin on both molecular-sieves. These enthalpies show a linear dependence of the amount of adsorbed molecules. The zeolite with the higher charge density shows a larger heat of adsorption. The difference in the heat of adsorption is explained by adsorption on different centers in the cavity of both zeolites.