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Ribotyping and a study of transmission of Staphylococcus aureus collected from food preparation facilities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kishimoto M Hioki Y Okano T Konuma H Takamizawa K Kashio H Kasuga F 《Journal of food protection》2004,67(6):1116-1122
Food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus is sometimes caused by improper handling of food items in food preparation facilities. Prevention of contamination by employees is particularly important in facilities where a significant amount of food preparation is performed by hand. Some experiments have been performed to describe bacterial cross-contamination in the food preparation process, but there have been few studies of cross-contamination in actual food preparation facilities. Aiming to shed light on the transmission of S. aureus in food preparation facilities, this study collected samples of 66 strains of this bacterium from the fingers of food preparation staff, foodstuffs, prepared foods, cooking utensils, and cooking equipment and typed them with the ribotyping method. S. aureus from the same ribogroup was detected on the hands of a study participant, a faucet, knife, frying pan, and a salad, indicating that bacteria found on the hands of the study participant was transmitted to cooking utensils and prepared foods. Transmission (from a faucet to a frying pan handle) of bacteria by another person, a third party, was also detected. 相似文献
2.
Tatsuo Tabaru Jin-Hak Kim Kazuhisa Shobu Michiru Sakamoto Hisatoshi Hirai Shuji Hanada 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2005,36(3):617-626
Mo(Si,Al)2-base oxidation-resistant coatings for Nb-base structural materials have been studied. The coating is composed of a Mo(Si,Al)2-base Al reservoir and Al2O3 interlayer to suppress interface reactions between the Al reservoir and the substrate. To develop a suitable Al-reservoir
material, some Mo(Si0.6,Al0.4)2-HfB2 composites were prepared. Their oxidation resistance and coefficients of thermal expansion were investigated, in addition
to their chemical reactivity with the Nb substrate at high temperatures. As a result, Mo(Si0.6,Al0.4)2-20 vol pct HfB2 was selected as one of the satisfactory Al reservoirs. The introduction of a stable Al2O3 interlayer was attempted using a novel powder metallurgical process to overlay the Nb substrates with the Al reservoir, where
the Nb substrates were subjected to a slight surface oxidation prior to the coating process. The Nb specimens, which are thoroughly
coated with the Al reservoir and Al2O3 interlayer, can be successfully fabricated by this method. The coated Nb specimens are not damaged at all after prolonged
exposure in flowing Ar-20 pct O2 at 1673 K for 120 hours. Furthermore, the Al2O3 interlayer is very effective and no reactions occur at the interface. Thus, this Mo(Si,Al)2-base oxidation-resistant coating is applicable to Nb. The utility of the coating system is also confirmed for a NbSS/Nb5Si3 composite.
This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium entitled “Beyond Nickel-Base Superalloys,” which took place
March 14–18, 2004, at the TMS Spring meeting in Charlotte, NC, under the auspices of the SMD-Corrosion and Environmental Effects
Committee, the SMD-High Temperature Alloys Committee, the SMD-Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee, and the SMD-Refractory
Metals Committee. 相似文献
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1100 kV气体绝缘双断口断路器的开发与产品化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
开发了一种用于气体绝缘组合电器(GIS)的1100kV50kASF6气体双断口断路器(GCB)。研究了这种断路器的各种特性,并成功完成了在绝缘、开断和机械性能等方面的型式试验。实现了GCB的小型化和轻量化。这种新开发的GCB已应用在中国特高压交流示范工程的GIS中,并已于2009年年初投入使用。 相似文献
4.
Harutaka Mekaru Shinji Kusumi Noriaki Sato Masami Shimizu Michiru Yamashita Osamu Shimada Tadashi Hattori 《Microsystem Technologies》2007,13(3-4):393-402
LIGA processes have been developed generally in the 2.5D world. We introduced techniques of 3D X-ray lithography and worm
injection molding with a unscrewing release mechanism, and succeeded in the development to three dimensions of LIGA process.
We called this technology 3D-LIGA process, and came to be able to fabricate the plastic molded product with a spiral microstructure.
Furthermore, we succeeded in the trial production of a spiral microcoil using 3D-LIGA process and metallization technique
combining flat and smooth electroplating with a leveling agent and an isotropic chemical etching. The diameter of this microcoil
was 0.5 mm and the length was 1 mm. The width of the Cu coil line was 10 μm, and the pitch was 20 μm. Moreover, we measured
characteristics of this microcoil as an inductor. The inductance and the quality factor at the frequency of 1 GHz were 91 nH
and 5.8, respectively. This is the first time successful fabrication of an electric device with a 3D form like a spiral microcoil
using the 3D-LIGA process has been achieved. 相似文献
5.
Harutaka Mekaru Shinji Kusumi Noriaki Sato Masami Shimizu Michiru Yamashita Osamu Shimada Tadashi Hattori 《Electrical Engineering in Japan》2009,166(1):43-51
LIGA process has been developed in the 2.5‐dimensional world. We introduced new technologies of a 3D X‐ray lithography and a worm injection molding with an unscrewing de‐molding mechanism, and succeeded in the deployment of a 3D LIGA process. Furthermore, we fabricated a spiral microcoil using the 3D‐LIGA process and a metallization technique combining flat and smooth electroplating and isotropic chemical etching. The microcoil diameter was 0.5 mm and the length was 1 mm. The width of coil lines was 10µm and the pitch was 20µm. Characteristics of this microcoil as an inductor combine the inductance of 91 nH and the quality factor of 5.8 at the frequency of 1 GHz. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(1): 43–51, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20679 相似文献
6.
Hiroaki Mochizuki Harutaka Mekaru Shinji Kusumi Noriaki Sato Masami Shimizu Michiru Yamashita Osamu Shimada Tadashi Hattori 《Microsystem Technologies》2007,13(5-6):547-550
Investigations of microactuators are actively being pursued in various viewpoint, researchers are exploring output energy
sources such as electrostatic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic and etc. We focus attention recently on the electromagnetic
microactuator. In generally, electromagnetic actuator is not well suited to miniaturization because of decreased output force
when miniaturized. However, we have already developed 3D-LIGA process to produce a spiral microcoil in 2003. Then, the production
process of a smaller and higher output force microactuator was devised based on this technology. 相似文献
7.
In order to evaluate the best technique to reduce electron cloud instability, we measured the electron cloud density in copper ducts coated with titanium nitride and non-evaporable getter used in the KEK B-factory (KEKB) positron ring. In this study, we developed a new system for the graphitization of copper beam ducts. The graphitization of a copper surface by intense electron bombardment resulted in the reduction in the secondary electron yield (SEY) to 1.0 in a laboratory experiment and to 1.1 in a real beam duct. The electron cloud density in the graphitized duct is 30% lower than that in an uncoated copper duct. Thus, it has been confirmed that the graphitization of a beam duct leads to a reduction in the electron cloud density in the duct. 相似文献
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A novel wear tester was employed to investigate the comparative abrasive stability of metallic materials at elevated temperatures. This tester consists of a symmetric π-shaped specimen holder that is rotated in a stainless steel tank filled with quartz sand, and an electrical furnace surrounds this tank to heat the abrasive sand. The test material and its comparative, of a size of 20 mm×20 mm×5 mm, were set in the respective branches of the holder. During the atmospheric condition experiment, only one 20 mm×20 mm face of each specimen was suffered with abrasion, while the other faces which were mounted in the holder were oxidized. Then the volume loss of the specimens can be accurately calculated with the aid of additional oxidation experiments, and by choosing the same comparative material the abrasive stability of different materials can be compared. A newly developed high Cr cast iron 4.5C–40Cr–8Ni–9Nb–5Mo was employed as the test alloy, while the comparative was the widely used 25Cr cast iron (Fe–25Cr–2.9C–0.5Ni–0.5Mo). The results show that, at the temperature of 925 K, the test alloy exhibited a superior abrasive stability to the 25Cr alloy; the average wear rate of the former was only about 36% of that of the latter. 相似文献
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