Electrical Properties of Superionic Conducting Glasses in the Pseudobinary System CuI-Cu2MoO4

Cu⁺-ion-conducting glasses were prepared in the pseudo-binary system CuI-Cu₂MoO₄. These glasses have high ionic conductivities at room temperature in the range 10⁻¹ to 10° S·m⁻¹, which are 10 to 20 times greater than those of the Ag⁺-ion-conducting glasses with the same iodide contents in the system AgI-Ag₂MoO₄. The conductivities increase with increasing CuI content. The increase in the conductivity can be explained in terms of a decrease in the activation energy for conduction. The electronic conductivity was measured by the Wagner polarization method and indicates that the transport number of Cu⁺ ions in those glasses is 0.9996 and larger.     

Limonoid Glucosides in Fruit, Juice and Processing by-products of Satsuma Mandarin (Chus unshiu Marcov.)

In a study on improving utilization of waste from processing of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcov.) the limonoid glucosides of fruit, juice, and by-products were measured using HPLC and TLC. All materials had the 17-β-D-glucopyranoside derivatives of limonoids reported in other commercial citrus fruit. Citrus molasses was a good source for industrial scale extraction of limonoid glucosides. An extraction system using polystyrene divinylbenzene resins, was developed which could be expanded to industrial scale.     

Reaction and diffusion path of an interface reaction between Cu2O and nickel

The interface reaction between Cu2O and nickel has been investigated and the reaction path has been analysed on the chemical potential diagram for undoped and doped samples. The layer sequence of products Cu2O/Cu/NiO/Ni for the undoped sample and that of Cu2O/Cu/NiO/Cu–Ni alloy/Ni for the doped sample was obtained. The reaction and diffusion path was explained on the chemical potential diagram of the Cu–Ni–O system, based on the assumption that a local equilibrium is attained at the interfaces. The doping effect of NiO in Cu2O was ascribed to a higher mobility of copper in NiO phase due to the higher chemical potential of oxygen at the Cu/NiO interface resulting from the higher chemical potential of nickel in Cu2O. When the reaction time becomes longer, it is expected that the reaction and diffusion path will become similar to that of the doped sample. Because the reaction and diffusion path is a function of time and has a non-equilibrium character, it can be represented and reasonably explained on the chemical potential diagram obtained from a thermodynamic treatment.     

Impedance measurement of single-crystalline and polycrystalline manganese-zinc ferrites with various non-stoichiometries

The impedance of both single-crystalline and polycrystalline manganese-zinc ferrite samples has been measured as a function of oxygen non-stoichiometry and the impedance of the bulk and the grain boundary has been analysed as a function of oxygen non-stoichiometry. The impedance of the single crystal increased in order along (1 0 0), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) planes. Both the bulk and the grain boundary resistance increased with the oxygen non-stoichiometry, and the impedance for a higher impedance sample decreased at lower frequency due to the contribution of the capacitive component of the grain-boundary. The grain-boundary resistance increased more sharply with the non-stoichiometry than the bulk resistance due to the higher sensitivity to oxidation in the grain boundary. The grain boundary capacitance was about three orders of magnitude larger than the bulk capacitance and the both were almost constant against the non-stoichiometry. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A series of discrete-time models of a continuous-time system based on fluency signal approximation

A discrete-time system model based on the discretization of a continuous-time system has been called a sampled-data system. But, in such discretization of the continuous-time system, it has been assumed that input signal u(t) is a staircase signal, that is, u(τ) has a constant value of u(kh) = u_k over the integration interval. The present paper derives a series of discrete-time models of a continuous-time system based on m-order fluency signal approximation. It is revealed that the series of models includes and generalizes the conventional system model based on the assumption of staircase signal input (m = 1). Furthermore, the adaptive discretization is obtained by selecting the appropriate order m according to the characteristic (continuous differentiability) of the input signal of the continuous-time system we are dealing with. Thus, this concept provides a better family of the relationship between the discrete-time system model and the continuous-time system     

Shearing Mechanism of Straight Thin Copper Wires at Connecting Terminal due to Lightning Current

When a lightning current is impressed through a copper wire, the copper wire would be melted. A straight thin copper wire with a diameter of 0.1 mm,~ is melted due to the specific melting Joule heating （j^2t）m in an adiabatic condition. However, it has been recognized in the experiment that the thicker copper wires of φ1 mm are not completely melted, but sheared mainly at the connecting terminal by a relatively low impulse current. Electro-magnetic mechanical shearing stress, etc. are discussed in addition to the conventional Joule heating. New broken mechanisms were presumed and proved in the additional experiments.     

TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF STARCH GELS FILLED WITH COLLAGEN AND CHITIN

Chitin and collagen powders were added as fillers to various starches (potato, sweet potato, kudzu, corn, wheat, and mung bean), heated at 100C for 10 min with stirring to make a hot paste and allowed to gel quiescently at 5C for 2 h in order to investigate the effects of the filler particle on the texture of the gels. The parameters of hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness were determined instrumentally and compared. The filler particles of collagen and chitin were effective in increasing hardness of corn starch gels but had no effects on hardness of the potato, sweet potato, kudzu, wheat and mung bean starch gels except at the lower starch concentrations. Cohesiveness was increased slightly in all starch gels by addition of collagen whereas chitin addition only increased the cohesiveness of sweet potato and mung bean starch gels. Collagen and chitin addition increased adhesiveness all of starch gels, but the intensity of the effect was most remarkable for collagen. The observed differences in effects was apparently due to differences in the interactions between starches and filler particles arising from differences in the surface properties of the filler particles.     

Dual Torch Plasma Arc Furnace for Medical Waste Treatment

In this paper, characteristics of a treatment and operated at atmospheric pressure dual torch plasma arc used for hazardous waste are studied, and also compared with those of the multi-torch plasma arc and the single torch plasma arc. The dual torch plasma arc is generated between the cathode and anode with argon as the working gas. The temperature distributions of the plasma arc are measured using a spectroscope and line pair method with the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium （LTE） for the DC arc current I=100 A and argon flow rate Q = 15 slpm. The measurements show that the temperatures of the dual torch arc plasma in the regions near the cathode, the anode and the center point are 10,000 K, 11,000 K and 9,000 K, respectively. And the high temperature region of the multi torch plasma arc is of double or much wider size than that of a conventional dual torch plasma arc and single plasma torch. Based on the preceding studies, a dual torch plasma arc furnace is developed in this study. The measured gas temperature at the center region of the argon arc is about 11,000 K for the case of I=200 A and Q=30 slpm operated in atmosphere.