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1.
Beef and pork frankfurters were produced with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of the meat block being mechanically separated spleen (MSS). No fatting or peelability problems were experienced. Frankfurters were held at 2°C and evaluated at 2-wk intervals for 6 wk. Consumer panelists rated all products acceptable. A bi-monthly laboratory taste panel evaluated all frank furters (except the 15% product) acceptable during storage. Allo-Kramer shear values decreased with increased MSS, Frankfurters with 5, 10, and 15% MSS had 2.2, 3.9, and 4.9 times more iron than the control, respectively. Level of MSS did not influence bacterial numbers. 相似文献
2.
SIMULATION OF THAWING OF FOODS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
3.
SUSANNA DE CORDT MARC HENDRICKX GEERT MAESMANS PAUL TOBBACK 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》1992,27(6):661-673
Biphasic and nth-order models were tested as to their usefulness to fit experimental inactivation data of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase, immobilized on glass beads, and were discussed with respect to their suitability to characterize the considered enzymic system as a time—temperature integrator (TTI) to evaluate heat processes. Both isothermal and non-isothermal inactivation experiments were carried out. Model (kinetic) parameters (rate constant k, activation energy EA and reaction order n) were estimated using a non-linear regression procedure. The results obtained, especially the activation energy of about 293 kJ mole–1 , indicated a potential use of this system as a TTI for heating processes in the temperature range of 96–108°C. 相似文献
4.
A study of the prevalences of Salmonella, Listeria and thermophilic campylobacters in a dedicated commercial poultry feed mill was undertaken. Salmonella was frequently recovered in samples taken in the preheat and postheat treatment areas of the mill with the overall percentage of samples positive found to be 18.8% and 22.6%, respectively. Feed ingredients and dust collected in the preheat treatment locations within the mill were frequently contaminated with Salmonella (11.8% and 33.3% of samples, respectively). High prevalences of Salmonella were also detected in dust samples (24.2%) obtained from the postheat treatment area of the mill and from feed delivery vehicles (57.1%).
Listeria was also recovered from samples at pre- and postheat treatment areas within the mill with overall isolation rates of 14.1% and 18.5% observed, respectively. The most frequently observed species of Listeria recovered from samples in both areas within the mill was L. innocua, L. monocytogenes, L. grayi and L. welshimeri.
No thermophilic campylobacters were recovered from any of the samples analyzed in the current study. 相似文献
Listeria was also recovered from samples at pre- and postheat treatment areas within the mill with overall isolation rates of 14.1% and 18.5% observed, respectively. The most frequently observed species of Listeria recovered from samples in both areas within the mill was L. innocua, L. monocytogenes, L. grayi and L. welshimeri.
No thermophilic campylobacters were recovered from any of the samples analyzed in the current study. 相似文献
5.
PAUL PREDECKI J. HAAS JOHN FABER Jr. R. L. HITTERMAN 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1987,70(3):175-182
The mechanism of lattice thermal expansion in pure hexagonal cordierite prepared by glass devitrification was investigated by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction at temperatures from 22° to 750°C under vacuum. Full matrix least-squares refinement of the diffraction spectra was carried out in space group P6/mcc using the Rietveld method. The structural data from the refinements were resolved into components parallel and normal to the c axis. The negative c axis expansion results from two effects: (1) increasing distortion of the T2 tetrahedral (ring tetrahedra) with temperature, primarily due to displacement of the T2 cations toward the c-axis channels in the structure; (2) decreasing distortion of the T1 /M tetrahedra/ octahedra with increasing temperature, due to octahedral I (M-O1 ) bond expansion and an associated decrease in torsional distortion of the T1 tetrahedra. 相似文献
6.
PAUL F. BECHER CHUN-HWAY HSUEH PETER ANGELINI TERRY N. TIEGS 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1988,71(12):1050-1061
7.
Situated cognition poses a challenge that requires a paradigm shift in the way we build symbolic knowledge-based systems. Current approaches require complex analysis and modelling and the intervention of a knowledge engineer. They rely on building knowledge-level models which often result in static models that suffer from the frame of reference problem. This approach has also resulted in an emphasis on knowledge elicitation rather than user requirements elicitation. The situated nature of knowledge necessitates a review of how we build, maintain and validate knowledge-based systems. We need systems that are flexible, intuitive and that interact directly with the end-user. We need systems that are designed with maintenance in mind, allowing incremental change and on-line validation. This will require a technique that captures knowledge in context and assists the user to distinguish between contexts. We take up this challenge with a knowledge acquisition and representation method known as Ripple-down Rules. Context in Ripple-down Rules is handled by its exception structure and the storing of the case that prompted a rule to be added. A rule is added as a refinement to an incorrect rule by assigning the correct conclusion and picking the salient features in the case that differentiate the current case from the case associated with the wrong conclusion. Thus, knowledge acquisition and maintenance are simple tasks, designed to be performed incrementally while the system is in use. Knowledge acquisition, maintenance and inferencing are offered in modes that can be performed reflexively without a knowledge engineer. We further describe the addition of modelling tools to assist the user to reflect on their knowledge for such purposes as critiquing, explanation, “what-if” analysis and tutoring. Our aim is to provide a system that lets the user choose the mode of interaction and view of the knowledge according to the situation in which they find themselves and their own personal preferences. 相似文献
8.
Prior research has examined the proper number of kanbans to be used in various just-in-time environments, but relatively little work has been done in exploring which factors internal and external to a shop in a given time period are critical in determining the necessary number of kanbans to be specified for the next period. The research reported here examines the identification of shop factors in a dynamic and stochastic just-in-time environment. In particular, three questions are addressed: does information from a prior period help in setting the kanban level in the current period? If so, which endogenous and exogenous factors considered individually help the most? And finally, what grouping of individual factors is most important in deciding the number of kanbans? The methodology employed is to use artificial neural networks to fit simulated shop data to learn the relationship between prediction factors and overall shop performance. Appropriate non-parametric statistical tests are then used to answer the questions. The answers obtained, although shop specific, may also be generated by firms willing to follow the procedure presented here for conditions specific to their particular operation. 相似文献
9.
Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticle dispersed water based nanofluids were prepared using up to 0·1?vol% of nanoparticles. Use of suitable stirring routine ensured uniformity and stability of dispersion. Thermal conductivity ratio of nanofluid measured using transient hot wire device shows a significant increase of up to 12% with only 0·1?vol% nanoparticles and inverse dependence of conductivity on particle size. Use of ceramic nanoparticles appears more appropriate to ensure stability of dispersion in nanofluid in closed loop single-phase heat transfer applications. 相似文献
10.
The idea of successively refining an abstract specification until it contains enough detail to suggest an implementation has been investigated by numerous researchers. The emphasis to date has been on techniques that, unfortunately, lead to a large amount of manual formal labour for each refinement step. With such techniques, both the cost and the possibility of errors arising informal manipulation are high. Using a theorem prover can reduce the number of manipulation errors, but, given current technology, the amount of labour is still daunting. This research explores an alternative solution to the refinement problem, namely the use of syntactic transformations to realize each refinement step. We reduce formal labour by employing automatic transformations that guarantee the preservation of desirable properties—e.g., deadlock-freedom. Automatic transformations are particularly appealing for the development of large, complex distributed systems, where a manual approach to refinement would be prohibitively expensive. Distributed computations are, by nature, reactive and concurrent, so their correctness cannot be specified as a simple functional relationship between inputs and outputs. Instead, specifications must describe the time-varying behaviour of the system. Further difficulty is caused by the fact that such important characteristics of distributed systems as deadlock-freedom are global properties that cannot be achieved through considering local structures only. Transformations generally must encompass the entire system. This paper presents two syntactic transformations—the left-sequence introduction and the right-sequence introduction—and demonstrates that they preserve deadlock-freedom. 相似文献