Approach to the poisoned patient

Routine poison management involves the following: (1) stabilization, (2) toxidrome recognition, (3) decontamination, (4) antidote administration, (5) enhanced elimination of toxin, and (6) supportive care. Stabilization involves airway, ventilation, and circulation support. In the patient with altered mental status, oxygen, naloxone, glucose, and thiamine should be administered. Symptom complexes that relate to specific classifications of toxins are referred to as toxidromes. Emesis by means of syrup of ipecac is rarely used for in-hospital gastric decontamination. Activated charcoal is a useful adsorbent for gastric decontamination. Whole bowel irrigation is useful for iron, lead, and lithium poisoning and for the body packer phenomenon. Enhancement of elimination may involve multiple doses of activated charcoal, hemodialysis, or charcoal hemoperfusion.     

The prospects for using the genetically engineered surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) expressed by recombinant poxvirus strains as the basis for vaccines against hepatitis B

The use of a recombinant poxvirus (RPV) strain, expressing HBsAg in the process of reproduction in different bioreactor systems under stationary and bioreactor conditions of cultivation, made it possible to obtain highly purified HBsAg. The identity and purity of HBsAg was confirmed by the analysis of its amino acid composition, SDS electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, electron microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. Good prospects of the use of RPV-expressed gene engineering HBsAg as the basis vaccines against hepatitis B was demonstrated in 10 experimental batches of vaccine. All batches of the preparation had pronounced immunogenicity and were safe and nontoxic in animal experiments. The ID50 of experimental batches did not exceed 211 ng/ml, which, according to the data of comparative experiments, was lower than, or equal to, corresponding values of analogous foreign commercial preparations, based on plasma or yeast HBsAg.     

焦炉装煤逸散物控制实践

分析了焦炉装煤过程烟尘产生的原因，介绍了焦炉装煤逸散物控制的新方法，以及实施后的效果。     

现场总线控制系统浅谈

简述了现场总线控制系统的结构及其显优点。现场总线控制系统的结构包括：主控器、总线接口、电源、输入／输出接点、总线电揽和终端电阻。另外对其显优点做了逐一介绍。现场总线控制系统可在工业自动化控制系统中推广应用。     

Might intrinsic radioresistance of human tumour cells be induced by radiation?

Survival measurements were made on six human tumour cell lines in vitro after irradiation with single doses of X rays. Doses up to 5 Gy were used giving surviving fractions down to 20%, but the majority of the measurements were made at doses < 1 Gy. These six cell lines have very different intrinsic radiosensitivities: HT29, Be11, and RT112 are radioresistant with surviving fractions at 2 Gy (SF2) between 60 and 74%, while MeWo, SW48, and HX142 are radiosensitive (SF2 = 3-29%). For all the cell lines, response over the dose range 2-5 Gy showed a good fit to a Linear-Quadratic (LQ) model. However, HT29, Be11, and RT112 cells showed a significant increase in X-ray radiosensitivity at doses below < 1 Gy compared with the prediction extrapolated from a LQ model fitted to the data at higher doses. The LQ model also slightly underpredicted the effect of low-dose X rays in MeWo cells, but the response of SW48 and HX142 cells was well described by the LQ model at all doses, with no evidence of increased low-dose effectiveness. The most plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that it reflects an induced radioresistance so that low doses of X-rays in vitro are more effective per Gy than higher doses, because only at higher doses is there sufficient damage to trigger repair systems or other radioprotective mechanisms. It follows that variation in the amount of inducible radioresistance might explain, in part, differences in intrinsic radiosensitivity above > 1 Gy between cell lines: cells would be intrinsically radiosensitive because they have a diminished inducible response.     

In vivo purging with high-dose cytarabine followed by high-dose chemoradiotherapy and reinfusion of unpurged bone marrow for adult acute myelogenous leukemia in first complete remission

PURPOSE: To evaluate in a prospective study the efficacy of autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in first remission, using a single course of high-dose Cytarabine (HD Ara-C) consolidation therapy as in vivo purging. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive adult patients with AML in first complete remission (CR) were treated with HD Ara-C consolidation therapy as a method of in vivo purging before marrow collection. High-dose therapy consisted of fractionated total-body irradiation (FTBI) 12 Gy, intravenous etoposide 60 mg/kg, and cyclophosphamide 75 mg/kg, followed by reinfusion of cryopreserved marrow. RESULTS: Sixty patients underwent consolidation treatment with HD Ara-C with the intent to treat with autologous BMT. Sixteen patients were unable to proceed to autologous BMT (10 patients relapsed, one died of sepsis, one developed cerebellar toxicity, two had inadequate blood counts, and two refused). Forty-four patients underwent autologous BMT and have a median follow-up time of 37 months (range, 14.7 to 68.7) for patients who are alive with no relapse. The cumulative probability of disease-free survival (DFS) at 24 months in the intent-to-treat group is 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37% to 62%) and in those who actually underwent autologous BMT is 61% (95% CI, 46% to 74%). The probability of relapse was 44% (95% CI, 31% to 58%) and 33% (95% CI, 20% to 49%) for the intent-to-treat and autologous BMT patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: This approach offers a relatively high DFS rate to adult patients with AML in first CR. The results of this study are similar to those achieved with allogeneic BMT.     

板壳式换热器设置膨胀节的判定

介绍板壳式换热器的主要特点和应用。当壳体与板束温差较大时,笔者通过对产品开发的生产实践,提出解决板壳式换热器要否设置膨胀节的类似判定方法。     

Animal models of ALS

Animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) provide a unique opportunity to study this incurable and fatal human disease both clinically and pathologically. This is particularly true for certain pathological and therapeutic studies that are impractical or impossible to perform in human patients. Nonetheless, postmortem ALS tissue remains the "gold standard" against which pathologic findings in animal models must be compared. Four natural disease models have been most extensively studied, including three mouse models: motor neuron degeneration (Mnd), progressive motor neuronopathy (pmn), wobbler, and one canine model: hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA). The wobbler mouse has been the most extensively studied of these models with analyses of clinical, pathological (perikaryon, axon, muscle), and biochemical features. Experimentally induced ALS animal models have allowed controlled testing of various neurotoxic, viral and immune-mediated mechanisms. Molecular techniques have recently generated mouse models in which genes relevant to the human disease or motor neuron biology have been manipulated. The most clinically relevant of these is a transgenic mouse overexpressing the mutated SOD1 gene of FALS patients, which has already provided significant insights into mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration in this disease. Because no single animal model perfectly reflects all the clinical and pathological characteristics of ALS, study of selected features from the most relevant models will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and/or etiology of this disease.     

Analysis of a microchannel interconnect based on the clustering of smart-pixel-device windows

A design analysis of a telecentric microchannel relay system developed for use with a smart-pixel-based photonic backplane is presented. The interconnect uses a clustered-window geometry in which optoelectronic device windows are grouped together about the axis of each microchannel. A Gaussian-beam propagation model is used to analyze the trade-off between window size, window density, transistor count per smart pixel, and lenslet ?-number for three cases of window clustering. The results of this analysis show that, with this approach, a window density of 4000 windows/cm(2) is obtained for a window size of 30 μm and a device plane separation of 25 mm. In addition, an optical power model is developed to determine the nominal power requirements of a 32 × 32 smart-pixel array as a function of window size. The power requirements are obtained assuming a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor inverter-amplifier and dual-rail multiple-quantum-well self-electro-optic-effect devices as the receiver stage of the smart pixel.     

Detection of foodborne pathogens using DNA probes and a dipstick format

The detection of foodborne microorganisms has traditionally been done using microbiologically based methods. Such "gold standard" methods are generally reliable but have the disadvantages of being labor intensive, subjective, and time consuming. Over the last several years, the development of DNA probe-based methods has simplified the methods used to detect organisms such as Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli by targeting the unique DNA or RNA sequences of these organisms using DNA probes and nonradioactive detection.