EFFECTS OF OIL DROPLETS ON PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF O/W EMULSION AGAR GEL

Effects of oil droplets in an agar gel matrix were investigated by mechanical analyses and sensory evaluation. The results for compressive and puncture properties were expressed in terms of relative values. All compressive properties; stress, strain and compressive energy of emulsion gels, as obtained by compression tests, decreased with both increases of oil droplet size and oil volume fraction. The stress, strain and energy of the emulsion gels obtained by puncture tests did not change with an increase in oil droplet size. Results of sensory evaluation showed that the sample containing small oil droplets was harder than that with large oil droplets. On the other hand, the large oil droplet sample was oilier than that with small oil droplets. The sensory evaluations for hardness and oiliness of emulsion gels did not exhibit significant relations to most of the properties of mechanical analyses.     

CARBON ORDERING IN Fe-1.83C MARTENSITE Ⅰ. Crystal Structure of a Conventional Ordered Phase

采用电子衍射方法对Ｆｅ－１．８３Ｃ马氏体室温时效时产生的有序相结构进行研究，确定其结构为偏离化学计量成分Ｆｅ_４Ｃ的γ′－Ｆｅ_４结构，称为γ′－Ｆｅ_ｘＣ（Ⅰ）（ｘ＝４－１１）。碳原子位于单胞的１／２，１／２，１／２位置。该有序相单胞尺寸为：（ａ_Ｍ，ｃ_Ｍ分别为马氏体单胞的ａ和ｃ轴长度），它与母相完全共格，位向关系为（００１）_Ⅰ∥（００１）_Ｍ，［１００］_Ⅰ∥［１１０］_Ｍ。根据γ′－Ｆｅ_ｘＣ（Ⅰ）晶体结构计算出的有序相衍射花样与实验得到的衍射花样全部吻合。     

严寒环境下的人体冷耐受特性实验

第24届冬季奥运会将于2022年2月在中国举行,主会场设在河北省崇礼地区。比赛期间,当地室外日平均气温大约为-17 ℃~-2 ℃。为有效提高户外观赛者热舒适感及观赛体验,把握户外观赛者人体冷耐受特性非常重要。为此,本研究利用北京地区某商业冷库的-14 ℃~-16 ℃人工环境条件,基于北京8名高校学生（4男,4女）开展了人体冷耐受实验,重点研究人体各部位的热反应特征、冷耐受极限时间、以及人体不可忍受时的生理极限阈值等问题。研究结果表明:受试者在-14 ℃~-16 ℃冷暴露环境、且服装热阻约为2.1 clo的实验条件下,手指、脚趾的皮肤温度下降速率最快、冷感最强烈,躯干及四肢部位的皮肤温度下降速率相对较慢、冷感相对较弱;手暴露与手插兜工况下,平均可持续停留时长分别为51、67 min,影响受试者热感觉以及持续停留时间长短的关键因素分别为手指与脚趾皮肤温度,生理极限阈值均值分别为11 ℃、16 ℃,且男女之间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。研究结果可为严寒环境下人体冷耐受特性及其改善人体热舒适性的局部供暖方法研究,提供基础数据参考。     

焊接顺序对厚板焊接残余应力分布的影响

采用试验手段和数值模拟方法研究了不锈钢厚板多道焊的残余应力分布特征．通过比较数值模拟结果和试验测量值，验证了基于Quick Welder软件开发的用于多道焊的热一弹一塑性有限元计算方法．同时，通过数值模拟澄清了焊接顺序对最终残余应力的影响．结果表明，焊接顺序对纵向和横向残余应力有明显影响．焊接顺序不仅显著影响峰值应力的...     

EFFECTS OF OIL DROPLET AND AGAR CONCENTRATION ON GEL STRENGTH AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF O/W EMULSION GEL

The effects of oil droplet size and agar concentration on gel strength and microstructure of emulsion gels were investigated by compression test and cryoscanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM). At all agar concentrations, the compressive stress values of emulsion gels were lower than those of the oil-free gels. Compressive stress and energy were significantly affected by oil droplet size and agar concentration, but compressive strain was not. SEM observation revealed that the overall volume of void spaces decreased and strand compactness increased with increasing agar concentration. Gels containing oil droplets had some void spaces between the gel network and the oil droplets. The strands of emulsion gels did not cover the oil globules completely, a phenomenon which was also observed for the gel with high agar concentration.     

KINETICS OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WHEAT MILLING BY-PRODUCTS

An overview of the potential application of wheat milling by‐products as substrate for bioethanol production is presented. In order to select a suitable microorganism, model fermentations were conducted using glucose and dry baker's yeast. The overall ethanol yield was nearly stable (ca. 0.35 g/g), independent of mash glucose concentration; mashes with 100 g glucose/L resulted in an overall ethanol productivity of 3.48 g/L·h. Slurries containing low‐grade wheat flour (LG) (100, 200 or 300 g/L) were used for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Zymomonas mobilis. Fermentation performance was evaluated based on ethanol concentration (P), productivity (Q_v), yield (Y_P/S), production rate (Q_p) and glucose consumption rate (Q_s). Mashes containing 200 g LG/L produced about 52 g ethanol/L, with Q_vof 2.17 g/L·h. Based on the relatively high fermentation rate of LG, reaching peak ethanol productivity within ca. 9 h of SSF, considerable savings on fermentation time was achieved. Using Z. mobilis for LG fermentation, P was about 30% higher than that obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

Comparison of Transparent Gels with Turbid Gels Prepared from Egg White: Creep Analysis of Gels

Egg white from which the precipitate occurring during dialysis against water had been removed gave a transparent gel on heating at lower salt concentrations and pH 3.54. The addition of NaCl or a shift of pH from 3.54 to 4.50 brought about the turbid gels. Creep analyses of these transparent and turbid gels were done using a four-element mechanical model. The instantaneous elastic modulus, E₀, Newtonian modulus, ηn and retarded viscoelastic moduli, E₁ and η₁ increased with NaCl up to 125 mM and then decreased with increase in NaCl concentration at pH 3.54. At 125 mM NaCl and pH 3.54, a translucent gel was obtained. E₀ and η₁ decreased with the temperature of the gel, while E₁ and η₁did not change depending of temperature.     

Synthesis of bismuth-based high-Tc superconducting fibres by using sodium alginate as a polyelectrolyte

The thermal pyrolysis processes and solid-state reactions in the synthesis of bismuth-based high-Tc superconducting fibre obtained by using sodium alginates are studied. This alginate is a polyelectrolyte and has not only an excellent ion-exchange property but also a gelation to synthesize long fibrous precursors. We first determined the optimum conditions to promote ion-exchange of this polyelectrolyte which yields high contents of metal ions in the precursor. The thermal pyrolysis of a precursor was studied by DTA and IR absorption. On the basis of the DTA and XRD, the solid-state reactions associated with the formation of the 2 2 1 2 phase were revealed. Our method can be applied easily to synthesize Ag-sheathed fibre having an improved tensile strength. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

覆盖网络测试探析

基于分布式哈希表DHT（Distributed Hash Table）的P2P理论结构和算法研究的主要困难在于难以在实际网络中进行性能测试。OpenDHT是一个全球性的覆盖网（Overlay network），能够提供一个具体的实验平台，通过响应客户端请求实现一个真正的DHT．以完成覆盖网络测试。