The differential regulation and secretion of proteinases from fetal and neonatal fibroblasts by growth factors

Until recently, research on the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis has been mainly focused on the characterization of humoral immune responses in the initiation of glomerular injury. However, there is a growing recognition that both cellular and humoral immune responses, in varying proportions, are involved in the pathogenesis of immunologically-mediated glomerulonephritis. T lymphocytes are essential cellular elements of cell-mediated immunity. Both in experimental models of immune-mediated renal disease and in histopathological analyses of human nephropathies, the involvement of T cells has been demonstrated in the immunoregulation of nephritogenic immune responses and in the immune injury in the kidney. T cell activation resulting in either delayed-type hypersensitivity, cytolytic reactions, abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, or B cell activation can result in glomerulonephritis. These different types of responses are exerted by distinct T cell subsets defined by cell surface markers and cytokine profiles. CD4+ T cells in vivo are functionally heterogeneous with respect to cytokine production and the CD45 isoforms that are found on their surface. Like CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells may also be heterogeneous at the level of cytokine production. The roles of CD4+ and CD8+ cells and their cytokine profiles in glomerulonephritis have not been extensively investigated yet, but such studies might improve the understanding of the pathogenesis and possibly lead to new therapeutic approaches of human glomerulonephritis. In this review the role of distinct T lymphocyte subsets in experimental and human glomerulonephritis will be discussed.     

Integrating human factors with the Jackson System Development method: an illustrated overview.

The motivation for integrating human factors with structured systems analysis and design methods has been set out in earlier papers. In addition, a preliminary conception of such an integration has been proposed for the Jackson System Development method (referred to as JSD*), and a set of requirements, research and strategies suggested for further developing this conception. The present paper reports the progress of the research, and presents an overview of the stage-wise design process, scope and notation of the JSD* method. The method is discussed and illustrated using a simple case-study concerning a Recreation Booking System.     

An examination of piloted ignition characteristics of cellulosic materials using the ISO ignitability test

The ISO Ignitability Test apparatus is used to determine the times to ignition for cellulosic materials under an incident radiative flux within the range 1--5 kW/m². A linear relationship is determined between time to ignition and incident flux, and a means of using these results to classify building materials is proposed, based upon an empirical flux-time product.     

应对生物样品中生长促进剂领域的新挑战

Xevo TQ质谱系统能在规定的最大残留量（maximum residue limit,MRL）水平上高灵敏地检测皮质类固醇,为复杂体系如肝脏分析方法的缺少提供了一条解决途径。此外,中性丢失模式的高灵敏度使得皮质类固醇和β-兴奋剂新的种属筛选变得更为容易。     

A methodology for the determination of code equivalency with respect to the provision of means of escape

The escape potential of occupants in a building and the effectiveness of existing escape strategies can be described as a function of the time required for escape and the time available for escape.

The formalisation of these two concepts within the contextual framework of equivalency is addressed in this paper. Existing fire simulation and people evacuation models (ASET and EVACNET+, respectively) are used to assess equivalent fire safety provision in public assembly buildings.

In each of the examples chosen, a safety index is derived for deemed-to-satisfy designs and used as a benchmark against which other prototype designs may be compared for the purpose of establishing code equivalency.

A methodology that is capable of assisting in the determination of code equivalency with respect to escape route provision while accommodating trade-off is postulated.     

Methodological problems associated with the Use of the Delphi technique

In this article some of the methodological problems associated with using the Delphi technique for the development of a Firesafety Evaluation (Points) Scheme are examined. These problems relate to: questionnaire design, the merits and demerits of Delphi groups versus panel groups, the definition of key terms (such as expert, consensus and stability), the reliability, validity and level of measurement achieved by Likert-type scaling techniques, and the differences in the decisionmaking processes of expert and nonexpert groups. Reference: T. J. Shields, G. W. H. Silcock, H. A. Donegan, and Y. A. Bell, Methodological Problems Associated with the Use of the Delphi Technique,Fire Technology, Vol. 23, No. 3, August 1987, pp. 175–185.     

牛体内重组牛生长激素（rbST）的快速高灵敏度检测

重组牛生长激素（rbST）在一些国家和地区常被作为猪或牛的生长促进剂（用于乳牛可以增加牛奶产量）,但在欧盟国家,有法规明确禁止生长激素的使用。重组牛生长激素本身是蛋白质,在生物基质中的浓度较低,且样品基质十分复杂,对其进行有效分析还存在一定难度,因而,长久以来其分析方法一直局限为酶联免疫检测法。     

In Vitro and In Vivo Flavor Release from Intact and Fresh‐Cut Apple in Relation with Genetic,Textural, and Physicochemical Parameters

Abstract: Flavor release from 6 commercial apple cultivars (Fuji, Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Morgen Dallago, and Red Delicious) under static conditions (intact or fresh‐cut samples) and during consumption of fresh‐cut samples (nosespace) was determined by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Textural (firmness, fracturability, flesh elasticity, and rupture) and physicochemical (pH, acidity, and water content) properties of the apples were also measured. Static headspace analysis of intact fruits revealed Fuji and Granny Smith apples had the lowest concentration for all measured flavor compounds (esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and terpenes), whereas Red Delicious apples had the highest. Fresh‐cut samples generally showed a significant increase in total volatile compounds with acetaldehyde being most abundant. However, compared to intact fruits, cut Golden and Red Delicious apples had a lower intensity for ester related peaks. Five parameters were extracted from the nosespace data of peaks related to esters (m/z 43, 61), acetaldehyde (m/z 45), and ethanol (m/z 47): 2 associated with mastication (duration of mastication–t_con; time required for first swallowing event–t_swal), and 3 related with in‐nose volatile compound concentration (area under the curve–AUC; maximum intensity–I_max; time for achieving I_max–t_max). Three different behaviors were identified in the nosespace data: a) firm samples with low AUC and t_swal values (Granny Smith, Fuji), b) mealy samples with high AUC, I_max, t_swal values, and low t_con (Morgen Dallago, Golden Delicious), and c) firm samples with high AUC and I_max values (Red Delicious). Strengths and limitations of the methodology are discussed. Practical Application: Volatile compounds play a fundamental role in the perceived quality of food. Using apple cultivars, this research showed that in vivo proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS) could be used to determine the relationship between the release of volatile flavor compounds and the physicochemical parameters of a real food matrix. This finding suggests that in vivo PTR‐MS coupled with traditional physicochemical measurements could be used to yield information on flavor release from a wide range of food matrices and help in the development of strategies to enhance food flavor and quality.     

Grain boundary dislocations and the mechanism of sliding in symmetrical [011] tilt Al bicrystals

Observations of grain boundary dislocations in [011] tilt bicrystals of aluminium after high temperature shear tests have led to a concept for grain boundary sliding that involves extrinsic dislocations moving through an array of structural dislocations. Each extrinsic dislocation consists of a group of structural dislocations with closer than normal network spacing caused by the presence of an extra dislocation with the same Burgers vector. The extrinsic dislocation exhibits a long range strain field and can move individually through the array of structural dislocations. The movement involves displacements in the structural network analogous to atom displacements during crystal slip. The width of the extrinsic dislocation on the grain boundary plane is dependent on the degree of accommodation of the extra dislocation by the structural array and this appears to increase with increasing density of structural dislocations.