A stochastic search technique, simulated annealing (SA), is used to optimize the operation of multiple reservoirs. Seminal application of annealing technique in general to multi-period, multiple-reservoir systems, along with problem representation and selection of different parameter values used in the annealing algorithm for specific cases is discussed. The search technique is improved with the help of heuristic rules, problem-specific information and concepts from the field of evolutionary algorithms. The technique is tested for application to a benchmark problem of four-reservoir system previously solved using a linear programming formulation and its ability to replicate the global optimum solution is examined. The technique is also applied to a system of four hydropower generating reservoirs in Manitoba, Canada, to derive optimal operating rules. A limited version of this problem is solved using a mixed integer nonlinear programming and results are compared with those obtained using SA. A better objective function value is obtained using simulated annealing than the value from a mixed integer non-linear programming model developed for the same problem. Results obtained from these applications suggest that simulated annealing can be used for obtaining near-optimal solutions for multi-period reservoir operation problems that are computationally intractable. 相似文献
The purpose of this study was to explore whether cyclooxygenase products derived from endothelium or vascular smooth muscle participate in the response of human uterine artery to prostaglandin F2 alpha. Experiments were performed using human uterine arterial rings. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (0.4 nM-1 microM) induced contraction of human uterine arteries with both intact and denuded endothelium with similar potency and efficacy (pD2 values: 7.93 +/- 0.01 and 8.07 +/- 0.03 for vessels with and without endothelium respectively; maximal response values: 89.1 +/- 4.7% and 92.3 +/- 3.8% for vessels with and without endothelium respectively). Indomethacin (10 microM) significantly suppressed the maximum effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha and induced a shift towards the right of the prostaglandin F2 alpha concentration-response curves, regardless of the endothelial condition. On the other hand, in both types of preparations, OKY-046 (10 microM), an inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis, did not affect prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced contraction of human uterine arteries. It is concluded that in human uterine artery prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced contraction is mediated, at least in part, through constrictor prostanoid(s) of vascular smooth muscle origin that is not thromboxane A2. 相似文献
To clarify the histogenesis and differentiation potential of central neurocytoma, a pathological investigation of seven tumors from three patients was conducted using immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural analysis in addition to systematic in vitro studies. Six tumors were studied immunohistochemically and five were examined ultrastructurally. All cases that were immunostained were positive for synaptophysin in nuclear-free neuropil islands. In five tumors, a few tumor cells, in addition to reactive astrocytes, were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Vimentin staining was also positive in a few tumor cells of five specimens. Neurofilament staining was always negative. All cases for which ultrastructure was examined showed various synaptic abnormalities. Cultured cells were subdivided into three distinct tumor cell types: neuronal cells which stained for neurofilament proteins with neurosecretory granules; small flat undifferentiated cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and scant cytoplasmic organelles; and small round or multipolar astrocytic cells with 10-nm intermediate filaments which stained for GFAP. Our tissue culture studies disclosed that cultured neurocytoma cells form a cellular mosaic similar to subependymal plate layers that are composed of mitotically active cells, neurons and glia. 相似文献
alpha-Crystallins possess molecular chaperone properties and are one of the most abundant of the lenticular proteins. Posttranslational modifications of these proteins have been implicated as a possible etiology of human cataracts. This article will review current knowledge concerning the effects of known posttranslational modifications upon the molecular chaperone properties and aggregation behavior of alpha-A and alpha-B crystallin. Based upon these effects, experimental approaches will be discussed that may be useful in the development of reagents that may selectively inhibit the cataractogenic process in the aging human lens. 相似文献
Heuristic algorithms (HAs) are widely used in multi-objective reservoir optimal operation (MOROO) due to the rapidity of the calculation and simplicity of their design. The literature usually focuses on one or two categories of HAs and simply reviews the state of the art. To provide an overall understanding and a specific comparison of HAs in MOROO, differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimisation (PSO), and artificial physics optimisation (APO), which serve as typical examples of the three categories of HAs, are compared in terms of the development and applications using a designed experiment. Besides, the general model with constraints and fitness function, and the solution process using a hybrid feasible domain restoration method and penalty function method are also presented. Taking a designed experiment with multiple scenarios, the mean average of the optimal objective function values, the standard deviation of optimal objective function values, the mean average of the computational time, and population diversity are used for comparisons. Results of the comparisons show that (a) the problem of optimal multipurpose reservoir long-term operation is a mathematic programming problem with narrow feasible region and monotonic objective function; (b) it is easy to obtain the same optimal objective function value, but different optimal solutions using HAs; and (c) comparisons do not result in a clear winner, but DE can be more appropriate for MOROO.
Electroactive oxide coatings on titanium, known in industrial chlorine production as dimensionally stable anodes (DSA), are of limited service life owing to the dissolution of active oxide, but also due to low corrosion stability of titanium, at high anodic potentials and elevated temperatures. In order to improve the anode stability, ternary carbide, Ti3SiC2, could be a promising material for the coating support, since chemical corrosion stability of Ti3SiC2 is significantly higher if compared to Ti. In this work, the possibility of the sol-gel preparation of RuO2-TiO2 coating on Ti3SiC2 is investigated and comparison of the basic characteristics of sol-gel processed oxide coating, Ru0.5Ti0.5O2, applied onto Ti3SiC2 and Ti, is reported. Microscopic investigation of the coating surface showed that considerably less cracked coating is formed onto the Ti3SiC2 support. Slightly higher voltammetric currents are registered for Ti3SiC2-supported coating in H2SO4 and NaCl solution. The activity for chlorine evolution is higher, while the currents of oxygen evolution reaction are lower for Ru0.5Ti0.5O2/Ti3SiC2 anode in comparison to Ru0.5Ti0.5O2/Ti anode. Even though these preliminary results on the basic electrochemical properties of Ru0.5Ti0.5O2/Ti3SiC2 anode and chemical stability of Ti3SiC2 are promising, the accelerated stability test in NaCl solution showed that coated Ti3SiC2 is not anodically stable and lasts considerably shorter than Ru0.5Ti0.5O2/Ti anode prepared and tested under the same conditions. 相似文献
Summary A new general procedure for preparation of functionalized oligopolysiloxanes of predetermined molecular weight is described. It utilizes heterogeneously catalyzed siloxane equilibration polymerization reactions which do not require troublesome and sometimes difficult post-preparative work-up procedures usually encountered with the well known homogeneously catalyzed corresponding reactions. The method is described using as example the preparation of , -telechelic vinyldimethylsiloxy-oligopolydimethylsiloxanes from octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, but reference to the preparations of trimethylsiloxy-, dimethylsiloxy-and carboxypropyldimethylsiloxyoligopolydimethylsiloxanes, oligopolymethylhydridosiloxanes or their copolymers is also made. 相似文献
The sub-laminar drag effect of microgroove surfaces was studied numerically in a steady two-dimensional channel flow at subcritical Reynolds numbers. Considerations are restricted to grooves of a few viscous length scales in depth, which are assumed not to promote the laminar to turbulent transition process. It was found that the drag reduction effect is due to the layout of grooves with respect to the flow direction and contour geometry. Results of computations show that for grooves of curved contour placed normal to the flow direction, drag arising from viscous and pressure forces is modulated due to the functional dependence of forces on the surface area projected in the flow direction. Such a groove layout leads to a large skin-friction reduction, but a comparable increase in pressure drag results in sub-laminar drag if drag over flat surface is considered as a reference. For a curved groove contour, the drag reduction increases with increasing Reynolds number and reaches about 5 % at Reynolds numbers approaching critical. 相似文献