Treatment of peritonitis complicated by multiple organ insufficiency

Comparison evaluation of the methods of treatment was based on the analysis of the results of management of 347 patients with general purulent decompensated peritonitis with polyorganic insufficiency. The efficacy of closed drainage in 98 patients, continuous flow irrigation (dialysis) in 126, stage programmed irrigation and inspection of the abdominal cavity in 99, and open drainage in 24 patients was compared. The causes of peritonitis were: complications after acute surgical diseases (in 156 cases), in planned operations (59), and in obstetrical and gynecological diseases (132). Most of the patients were brought to the clinic from other hospitals because of unsuccessful treatment of peritonitis and absence of means for performing hemodialysis and management of polyorganic insufficiency. The incidence of the last-named reached 71.0 to 91.0% in the different groups of patients. In monotypic complex treatment, stage programmed irrigation was marked by a much lesser number of abscesses and other complications and a lower mortality (20.2%) as compared to flow irrigation (30.0%, closed drainage (27.5%), and open (laparostomy) treatment (37.5%). Despite the very serious contingent of patients, total mortality (27.0%) in the application of the indicated methods was quite low.     

Prospects for application of enzymatic interesterification of oils in the production of modified fats

This review discusses a recent state of research in the field of enzymatic biocatalysis in application for the production of modified food fats. Properties of biocatalysts for enzymatic interesterification both been currently under development and already applied in industry of vegetable oils are discussed. The main directions of research on development of new biocatalysts, including those based on the novel recombinant lipase enzymes, as well as the potential of targeted modifications in the composition of oils by optimization of the catalytic process are covered. The relevant analysis of the enzymatic interesterification of oils shows its potential for development of energy efficient and environmentally friendly processes for production of the high quality food products with the specified characteristics.     

Removal of ammonia from coke-oven gas at PAO Severstal’ by a circulatory phosphate method

The industrial introduction of ammonia removal from coke-oven gas by the circulatory phosphate method at byproduct shop 2 in coke production at PAO Severstal’ is considered. The ammonia removed undergoes thermal decomposition. The system consists of three channels (including a backup) and is designed to process coke-oven gas at a rate of 170000 m³/h. The phosphate method is selected after comparing methods of ammonia removal. The startup and operation of the system are analyzed. Operating conditions corresponding to specified ammonia removal are selected. Data are presented regarding the ammonia absorption, the regeneration of the absorbing solution, the thermal decomposition of the steam–ammonia mixture, and the utilization of the smokestack gas from the combustion of the steam–ammonia mixture. With a design productivity of 85000 m³/h for a single channel, the system operates satisfactorily when the throughput of coke-oven gas is in the range 60000–130000 m³/h per channel.     

Is Protein Folding a Thermodynamically Unfavorable,Active, Energy-Dependent Process?

The prevailing current view of protein folding is the thermodynamic hypothesis, under which the native folded conformation of a protein corresponds to the global minimum of Gibbs free energy G. We question this concept and show that the empirical evidence behind the thermodynamic hypothesis of folding is far from strong. Furthermore, physical theory-based approaches to the prediction of protein folds and their folding pathways so far have invariably failed except for some very small proteins, despite decades of intensive theory development and the enormous increase of computer power. The recent spectacular successes in protein structure prediction owe to evolutionary modeling of amino acid sequence substitutions enhanced by deep learning methods, but even these breakthroughs provide no information on the protein folding mechanisms and pathways. We discuss an alternative view of protein folding, under which the native state of most proteins does not occupy the global free energy minimum, but rather, a local minimum on a fluctuating free energy landscape. We further argue that ΔG of folding is likely to be positive for the majority of proteins, which therefore fold into their native conformations only through interactions with the energy-dependent molecular machinery of living cells, in particular, the translation system and chaperones. Accordingly, protein folding should be modeled as it occurs in vivo, that is, as a non-equilibrium, active, energy-dependent process.     

Influence of [H]-donating activity of hydrocarbons on transformations of thiophene compounds under catalytic cracking conditions

Transformations of 2-methylthiophene and benzothiophene together with n-undecane, declaim, or cumene under conditions of catalytic cracking have been studied. It has been found that enhancement of the [H]-donating activity in the order cumene < n-undecane < decalin leads to an increase in the degree of conversion of organic sulfur compounds, predominantly yielding hydrogen sulfide. An increase in the amount of 2-methylthiophene and benzothiophene alkylation and condensation products in the liquid products of cracking is observed in this case. Schemes of conversion of these compounds under catalytic cracking conditions have been proposed. The dependence of the degree of conversion of thiophene compounds into hydrogen sulfide on the ability of the catalyst to mediate hydrogen transfer reactions has been revealed.     

Medical-biological evaluation of genetically-modified sugar beet line 77 (chemical composition and toxicologico-biochemical studies)

The rats were fed with the Genetically Modified Sugar Beet line 77 (Monsanto Ko, USA) 10 g/rat/day for 1 month. Their blood, urea and liver were investigated to measure total protein and glucose levels, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, pH, creatinine level as well as hepatic enzyme activity of the I and II phases of xenobiotic metabolism and whole and non-sedimentated lysosomal enzyme activities and activity of antioxidant system.     

Ultrabroadband infrared solid-state lasers

Ultrabroadband infrared transition metal ion-doped solid-state lasers have come of age and are increasingly being used in trace gas monitoring, remote sensing, telecommunications, ophthalmology, and neurosurgery. Operating at room temperature, they are stable, versatile, and easy to handle successors to the color center lasers. They are becoming the critical components in optical frequency standards, space-based remote sensing systems, and may soon find application in femtochemistry and attosecond science. The article reviews the principles and basic physics of these types of lasers, which are distinguished by their ability to support the shortest pulses down to single optical cycle durations and the ultimately broad tuning ranges. The paper further reviews the state of the art in the existing diode-pumped sources of broadly tunable continuous wave, and ultrashort pulsed radiation in the infrared, and provides examples of their successful application to supercontinuum generation, trace gas measurements, and ultrasensitive intracavity spectroscopy. Developments in such lasers as Cr:YAG, Cr:ZnSe, Cr:ZnS, as well as the recently proposed mixed Cr:ZnS/sub x/Se/sub 1-x/ laser, are discussed in more detail. These lasers nearly continuously cover the infrared spectral region between 1.3 and 3.1 /spl mu/m. The gain spectra of these lasers perfectly match and extend toward the infrared spectra of such established ultrabroadband lasers, operating at shorter wavelengths between /spl sim/0.7-1.3 /spl mu/m, as Ti:sapphire, Cr:LiSAF/Cr:LiSGaF and Cr:forsterite. This opens up new opportunities for synthesis of single-cycle optical pulses and frequency combs in the infrared.     

Experimental animal study of the safety of biologically active food supplement obtained from ginseng root

The aim of present study was an investigations of safety of product "Bioton-1" which is suggested as biologically active food additive. Long-term intake the product "Bioton-1" by the rats Wistar during 6 month at doses of 0.75 ml per kg of body weight hadn't an unfavorable effects on integral, biochemical, hemotologic and morphologic parameters of animals. It was shown on two generations of rats that "Bioton-1" hadn't an embryotoxic, gonadotoxic and teratogenic effects and also hadn't negative effect on growth and development of posterity of rats. Including into the diet of rats product "Bioton-1" at dose of 0.25 per kg of body weight during the whole life hadn't an effect on animals life duration.