The corrosion of mild and stainless steel in alkaline anaerobic conditions representing the Belgian “supercontainer” concept and the Swiss L/ILW repository

Deep geological repositories for radioactive waste contain metallic materials, either used to construct disposal canisters or as low-/intermediate-level waste (L/ILW). The safety relevance of corrosion is linked to canister lifetime in the former case and gas generation in the latter. More specifically, the Belgian “supercontainer” concept envisages mild steel for the used fuel disposal canister, and in the case of the Swiss L/ILW repository, mild steels are the largest metallic waste component due to the decommissioning of civilian power-generating facilities. For these circumstances, the corrosion environment is dominated by the chemistry of cement, which is used as buffer or backfill material. The corrosion behaviour of mild steel in anoxic environments was studied through the analysis of the hydrogen end-product. Hydrogen analysis was conducted by periodically purging the cell head-space and analysing the gas using a solid-state hydrogen sensor. While this method is limited to providing only uniform corrosion rates averaged over periods of time, ranging from weeks to months, it provides excellent resolution and sensitivity. The test cell environments were matched against the anticipated Belgian high-level waste and Swiss L/ILW repository environments, and also against experiments that have been conducted by other researchers for comparative purposes. Samples were exposed to synthetic cement pore waters, representing fresh and degraded cement. In young cement waters, the formation of initial corrosion products resulted in steel wire corrosion rates of the order of µm/year, which, at 80°C rapidly declined to ∼10 nm/year. In contrast, SA516 grade 70 steel plate corroded much more slowly under similar conditions. In aged cement waters, initial corrosion rates were higher but declined faster towards a longer-term rate of ∼10 nm/year. 316L stainless steel, embedded in cementitious material, corroded at a rate of <1 nm/year at 50°C.     

Un nouveau regard sur la société virtuelle

The importance of rigorous research into the actual impact of the new Information and Communication Technologies (icts) on society in general cannot be overemphasised. The answer to questions concerning the precise effect ofiCTs on interpersonal relations, communication, social inclusion and exclusion, trust and identity are now central to discussion in both commercial and business fora. This paper examines the concept of the “virtual society“ in the light of the findings of the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Virtual Society? Programme (1997–2002). The paper describes the need to rethink the actual approaches used in researching this area of social science at the same time as performing the analyses themselves. The author also highlights the requirement for future research to examine actual on the ground experiences. How are new technologies actually used and by whom? In addition, the author utilises his overview of this large body of research to put forward a useful guide for predicting the use of ICTs in practice. These “5 rules of virtuality” serve as pointers to the experiences that may be encountered in the development and implementation of new technologies.     

WiMedia UWB 技术追踪

采用WiMedia UWB标准的越来越多 WiMedia通用无线电平台是实现传输速率高达480Mb／s（更高的传输速率正在开发中）无线个人局域网（WPAN）的基础。这个平台并不局限于某一类应用，而是允许同时存在不同的协议适配层，如图1所示。WiMedia规范既规定了一些如无线USB之间相互通信的应用，也规定其他不相互通信的接口同时存在的应用。     

Cryptosporidium Log-inactivation with Ozone Using Effluent CT10, Geometric Mean CT10, Extended Integrated CT10 and Extended CSTR Calculations

The draft Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) contains Cryptosporidium log-inactivation CT tables (ozone-in-water concentration [residual], “C” times contact time, T). Depending on water temperature, Cryptosporidium CT values that are listed are 15 to 25 times greater than CT values for equivalent Giardia log-inactivation credit. The elevated operating dose required for Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit has the potential to increase disinfection by-product (DBP) formation (e.g., bromate). Calculating CT value accurately will minimize ozone dose, which will decrease operating cost and lower DBP formation, and at the same time maintain disinfection protection through implementation of scientifically based safety factors. Various methods are available for calculating CT value. The method chosen depends largely on the available information concerning ozone residual characteristics and hydrodynamic features of the ozone contactor, plus local regulatory requirements. Four methods are discussed in this paper. Each method can be used to calculate Giardia, virus, and Cryptosporidium log-inactivation credit.     

电源通路管理器集成电路提供高压保护

描述电源通路管理器ICs的特点和应用.