Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures, which are secreted by almost every cell type analyzed so far. In addition to their importance for cell-cell communication under physiological conditions, EVs are also released during pathogenesis and mechanistically contribute to this process. Here we summarize their functional relevance in asthma, one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. Asthma is a complex persistent inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and, from a long-term perspective, airway remodeling. Overall, mechanistic studies summarized here indicate the importance of different subtypes of EVs and their variable cargoes in the functioning of the pathways underlying asthma, and show some interesting potential for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Association studies in turn demonstrate a good diagnostic potential of EVs in asthma. 相似文献
Transition metal oxyhydroxides have been used as promising electrocatalysts for water splitting however, their catalytic activity is restricted due to low surface area and poor conductivity. Herein, we report novel composite FeOOH@ZIF-12/graphene composite as electrocatalyst for water oxidation, whereby ZIF-12 provide extra surface for the FeOOH dispersion whilst graphene act as excellent electron mediator. The composite shows a low overpotential value of 291 mV to attain a current density of 10 mA cm?2 and a low Tafel slope value of 78 mV dec?1. The catalyst offers a maximum current density of 101 mA cm?2, while it gives a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 0.031 s?1 at an overpotential of 291 mV only. The excellent activity and remarkable stability of composite is attributed to highly conductive and porous support. 相似文献
1. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of choline (25-150 micrograms) increased blood pressure in rats made acutely hypotensive by haemorrhage. Intraperitoneal administration of choline (60 mg kg-1) also increased blood pressure, but to a lesser extent. Following i.c.v. injection of 25 micrograms or 50 micrograms of choline, heart rate did not change, while 100 micrograms or 150 micrograms i.c.v. choline produced a slight and short lasting bradycardia. Choline (150 micrograms) failed to alter the circulating residual volume of blood in haemorrhaged rats. 2. The pressor response to i.c.v. choline (50 micrograms) in haemorrhaged rats was abolished by pretreatment with mecamylamine (50 micrograms, i.c.v.) but not atropine (10 micrograms, i.c.v.). The pressor response to choline was blocked by pretreatment with hemicholinium-3 (20 micrograms, i.c.v.). 3. The pressor response to i.c.v. choline (150 micrograms) was associated with a several fold increase in plasma levels of vasopressin and adrenaline but not of noradrenaline and plasma renin. 4. The pressor response to i.c.v. choline (150 micrograms) was not altered by bilateral adrenalectomy, but was attenuated by systemic administration of either phentolamine (10 mg kg-1) or the vasopressin antagonist [beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopenta-methylenepropionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2,Arg8]-vasopressin (10 micrograms kg-1). 5. It is concluded that the precursor of acetylcholine, choline, can increase and restore blood pressure in acutely haemorrhaged rats by increasing central cholinergic neurotransmission. Nicotinic receptor activation and an increase in plasma vasopressin and adrenaline level appear to be involved in this effect of choline. 相似文献
The interaction of different metal oxides such as Co3O4, NiO, Al2O3, Cr2O3, Fe2O3 and SiO2 with Na2SO4 at a temperature of 1100 and 1200 K in flowing oxygen has been studied. The thermogravimetric studies for each system were
carried out as a function of Na2SO4 in the mixture. The presence of different constituents in the reaction products were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis
and the morphologies of the reaction products were characterized using metallography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The formation of products was also investigated by thermodynamic computation of free energies of the reactions and the study
of relevant equilibrium phase diagrams. The soluble species in the aqueous solutions of the reaction products were determined
quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
The high temperature interaction products usually contain a 3-phase structure namely, Na2O·M2Ox, M2Ox and metal sulphide and/or metal sulphate. The formation of Na2O·M2Ox depends upon the solid state solubility of metal oxide in the molten salt at high temperatures. Under limited solubility
conditions Na2O·M2Ox is invariably formed, but as soon as this condition is relaxed the oxide. M2Ox, precipitates and forms a separate phase. 相似文献
This paper presents a new technique for thedetection of Integrated Circuits within images of Printed Circuit Boards autonomouslyand without the need to be assisted by CAD data. The technique is a key partof a suite of algorithms targeted for an embedded System On Chip architecturebased on the ARM7 platform for real time detection of PCB images for diagnosticpurposes. The technique has a significant reduction in complexity when comparedto conventional approaches such as the Hough Transform. The reduction in complexitymakes the approach ideal for an embedded vision application suchas the one described in this paper. This paper presents the technique, thetarget embedded architecture and results showing the reduction in complexitywhen compared to a Hough Transform. 相似文献
When dopants are indiffused from a heavily implanted polycrystalline silicon film deposited on a silicon substrate, high thermal
budget annealing can cause the interfacial “native” oxide at the polycrystalline silicon-single crystal silicon interface
to break up into oxide clusters, causing epitaxial realignment of the polycrystalline silicon layer with respect to the silicon
substrate. Anomalous transient enhanced diffusion occurs during epitaxial realignment and this has adverse effects on the
leakage characteristics of the shallow junctions formed in the silicon substrate using this technique. The degradation in
the leakage current is mainly due to increased generation-recombination in the depletion region because of defect injection
from the interface. 相似文献
. A knowledge-based expert system was developed to aid in the selection of the type of dam. The dam type selector expert system
(DTSA ES) was designed to determine the type of dam on the alluvium foundations. Detailed expert knowledge is required to
estimate the type of dam and to develop an expert system. The DTSA ES utilizes rules of thumb used by an expert for determining
the selection of the type of dam. The DTSA ES was developed using a shell program. The expert system was tested on several
dam sites in order to validate the decision obtained. The use of this expert system, containing knowledge about the selection
of dam type, can be helpful to students, potential owners or contractors in selecting dam types. The current prototype always
needs additional parameters for more detailed analyses of new developments. However, the current DTSA ES is designed to include
existing information about dam types. 相似文献
This study proposes a novel design to systematically optimize the parameters for the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model using stochastic fractal search (SFS) algorithm. To affirm the efficiency of the proposed SFS-ANFIS model, the predicting results were compared with ANFIS and three hybrid methodologies based on ANFIS combined with genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution (DE), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Accurate prediction of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is of great significance for all geotechnical projects such as tunnels and dams. Hence, this study proposes the use of SFS-ANFIS, GA-ANFIS, DE-ANFIS, PSO-ANFIS, and ANFIS models to predict UCS. In this regard, the fresh water tunnel of Pahang–Selangor located in Malaysia was considered and the requirement data samples were collected. Different statistical metrics such as coefficient of determination (R2) and mean absolute error were used to evaluate the models. Referring to the efficiency results of SFS-ANFIS, it can be found that the SFS-ANFIS (with the R2 of 0.981) has higher ability than PSO-ANFIS, DE-ANFIS, GA-ANFIS, and ANFIS models in predicting the UCS.