Colour extension properties of individual pigments and effects on shades of foundations in cake form

The mechanism of colour change during the pigment dispersion process and during powder application to the skin surface was studied by examining the colour extension properties of Yellow. Red , and Black iron oxides in white powder bases. A new measure for the evaluation of the degree of colour extension was devised. This measure corresponded well with human visual sensation, and was found to be useful for comparing the rates of colour extension of pigments. The rate of colour extension of pigments was found to vary in the order: Yellow acicular Red granular Red Black. This result explains colour darkening and the change towards reddish tones during the pigment dispersion process, because Yellow extends fully in the early stage of the process but Red , especially in granular form, and Black continue to extend even in the later stage. Acicular Red iron oxide is more favourably employed than the granular form to attain sufficient colour extension of foundations with lower energy expenditure, and to decrease the discrepancy between the cake colour and the colour of applied powder.
Le développement des oxydes de fer et effet sur les nuances des fonds de teint compacts     

Decomposition of Mullite by Silica Volatilization

Thermal decomposition of mullite into corundum was investigated using a high-temperature X-ray single-crystal camera equipped with a gas-flame furnace and by scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). When heated to ∼1750°C, mullite decomposed to corundum by the liberation of the SiO₂ component with topotaxial relations of:

• (1) 

  (310)_mull∥(001)_cor; [001]_mull∥[110]_cor
• (2) 

  (130)_mull∥(001)_cor; [001]_mull∥[110]_cor
• (3) 

  (110)_mull∥(001)_cor; [001]_mull∥[110]_cor

Thus, it was considered that, when mullite decomposed into corundum, their oxygen close-packed planes were almost preserved. The SEM photographs showed that the crystals of the developed corundum are prismatic and ∼5 μm wide. The EPMA showed that the phase boundary between mullite and developed corundum is discontinuous.     

Winding Method to Reduce Vibration and Loss Caused by Fractional Slot of Synchronous Machine

Fractional‐slot windings are widely used in rotating machines in order to improve the output voltage waveform, increase the design flexibility, and gain many other advantages. However, fractional‐slot windings are known to produce different harmonic components such as an even order and/or fractional number of space flux harmonics compared to integral‐slot windings. These harmonics may increase stray losses and cause stator core vibration. This paper describes an analysis of space flux harmonics and proposes new winding methods such as “novel interspersed windings” to reduce these harmonic components. The proposed winding methods were verified by numerical analysis and model tests.     

Oxidation of CVD Si3N4 at 1550° to 1650°C

A thermo gravimetric study of the oxidation behavior of chemically vapor-deposited amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ (CVD Si₃N₄) was made in dry oxygen (0.1 MPa) at 1550° to 1650°C. The specimens were prepared under various deposition conditions using a mixture of SiCl₄, NH₃, and H₂ gases. The crystalline CVD Si₃N₄ indicated a parabolic oxidation kinetics over the whole temperature range, whereas the amorphous CVD Si₃N₄ changed from a parabolic to a linear law with increased temperature. The oxidation mechanism is discussed in terms of the activation energy for the oxidation and the microstructure of the formed oxide films.     

Optimum design of linear multivariate sampled-data control systems†

This paper deals with the optimum design of linear multivariate sampled-data control systems,

Section 2 is concerned with the design of such control systems which are optimum on the basis of deadbeat performance. This design procedure is general and can be applied similarly to any deterministic inputs such as step, ramp, etc.

Section 3 is concerned with such control systems with respect to an integral form performance criterion. It is desired that the performance index takes the form of an integral, especially when the state variables of a control system are continuous with respect to time. For this reason, the minimum integral control is considered here.

The performance limits for such systems optimized for a deterministic input are considered in §4, and some interesting theorems are proved by using the w-transform.     

Stable identification scheme for linear discrete-time systems

This paper is concerned with the problem of identifying parameters in stochastic systems described by single-input single-output linear discrete-time equations. A stable estimation error system is developed by using the extended Kalman filter technique and the concept of strictly positive real transfer function. The identifier corresponding to the estimation error system is constructed, and the convergence of parameter estimates to the exact values is proved under some bounded conditions. It is shown that the recursive maximum likelihood identifier and the recursive extended least squares identifier are obtained by neglecting the correction terms in the proposed identifier. Numerical examples for a fourth-order system are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

INFORMATION FILTERING FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Information filtering is an intelligent function that selects the relevant messages and items of use or interest to the user from a large amount of incoming information. This function has become very important for the rapid development of network technology. This article focuses on information filtering for the management of emergency situations. We believe that special purpose-built "information filtering systems" should be developed to cope with the problem of information overload in emergency management. In this article, we first investigated features of information in emergent situations and then proposed an information filtering system for emergency management. The proposed system is composed of two parts: causal analysis and information classification. A prototype system has been developed and its effectiveness was evaluated by experiments.     

FLOW IN AGITATED THIN FILM HORIZONTAL EVAPORATOR

Abstract

We made a theoretical analysis for an axial flow of a working liquid of low viscosity without concern for the thermal effects. Variables studied were rotational speed of wiping blades, volumetric flow rate and viscosity.

When the viscosity is low, theoretical values are in proper accord with experimental ones. As a result, we can say that the residence time and the effective area for heat transfer are able to be controlled (when the viscosity is low) by selecting the rotational speed.