Personal respiratory protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The present study investigated the simultaneous occurrence of emergent stimulus-response relations (functional equivalence) and stimulus-stimulus relations (stimulus equivalence). After being pretrained and tested on two symbolic match-to-sample tasks (X1-Y1, X2-Y2), 20 4- and 5-year-old children were trained to emit specified responses to pairs of stimuli (A1-R1, B1-R1, A2-R2, B2-R2) in one setting (original training) and to emit other responses to one member of each pair (A1-R3, A2-R4) in another setting (reassignment training). Of the 18 children who responded correctly on all trained tasks, 15 emitted the novel responses also in the presence of the nonreassigned stimuli (B1-R3, B2-R4). Eleven of these children also matched same-class stimuli with one another (A1-B1, A2-B2, and vice versa). Additional tests with four of these children documented the formation of conditional response-stimulus relations (R3-B1, R4-B2) in all four children, and of conditional response-response relations (R1-R3, R2-R4, and vice versa) in two of them. Children who did not show stimulus control transfer also failed to match same-class stimuli with one another. Present findings, together with those obtained in animal research, suggest that functional equivalence can imply but does not require stimulus equivalence.     

Management of E. coli dependent factorial diseases in weaning piglets

The most important postweaning factorial diseases are at least partly caused by E. coli. The term postweaning coli complex can be subcategorized into the following manifestations: postweaning diarrhoea, edema disease, postweaning wasting and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. In the presented study the effect of prophylactic zootechnique alone and zoo- and biotechnique in combination was evaluated during the first weeks postweaning. The results showed that combined zoo- and biotechnique is superior to simple zootechnique regarding food conversion (1.41 kg versus 1.73 kg), average daily weight gain (390 g versus 325 g) and postweaning piglet mortality (3.1% versus 4.9%). It is the opinion of the authors that combined postweaning zoo- and biotechnique should be performed in such pig production units where ETEC and/or SLTEC are present.     

Optimizing the design of railway tank cars to minimize accident-caused releases

The design of vehicles transporting hazardous materials has important public safety and economic implications. Conventional wisdom among industry and government has held that a thicker tank on railroad tank cars and trucks reduces risk. However, a thicker tank increases vehicle weight and thus leads to an increase in the number of shipments required to transport the same amount of product and consequently greater exposure to accidents. In this research we develop a model that analyzes the tradeoff between increased damage resistance and greater exposure to accidents in which the objective function is minimization of the probability of release. The model accounts for the reduction in tank car release probability as a function of tank thickness, and the increased exposure to accidents that occurs due to the increased number of shipments needed for the heavier car. Three variables affecting this optimal thickness are considered in this paper: the volumetric capacity of the tank, the probability of release from other, non-tank sources, and the weight capacity of the car. Sensitivity analyses using the model indicate that for any particular configuration of tank car there is an optimal thickness. This optimal thickness is affected by several factors and there is no single optimum for all tank cars.     

Congenic rats reveal three independent Copenhagen alleles within the Mcs1 quantitative trait locus that confer resistance to mammary cancer

It has previously been shown that the Copenhagen (COP) rat contains several genetic loci that contribute to its mammary tumor-resistant phenotype after 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) administration. One of these loci, mammary carcinoma susceptibility 1 (Mcs1), is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 2 and appears to act in a semidominant fashion. To confirm the existence and independent action of this locus and also aid in the identification of the physical location of the Mcs1 gene, congenic lines were generated by transferring the Mcs1 COP allele onto a Wistar Furth (WF) genetic background. Male carriers were genotyped using microsatellite markers spanning 20-30 cM of the Mcs1 locus. One of the congenic lines minimally retained the COP allele at D2Mit29 on the centromeric end of chromosome 2 and extended distally to D2Rat201. Heterozygous Mcs1 carrier rats were interbred, and the female offspring were treated with DMBA. The female rats from the Mcs1 congenic line that carried one or two COP alleles of the Mcs1 region had a significantly reduced (65 and 85%, respectively) tumor development (P < 0.001) compared with rats carrying zero COP alleles at this locus. A WF.COP-D2Mit29/D2Rat201 homozygous congenic strain derived at the N10 generation was treated with DMBA, and the COP homozygous rats developed 1.5 +/- 0.3 carcinomas/rat versus 6.3 +/- 0.5 in WF control rats (P < 0.0001). Fine mapping of this congenic interval using several recombinant lines identified three genetic loci within the Mcs1 congenic region that independently supported a tumor resistance phenotype. These genetic loci have been termed Mcs1a, Mcs1b, and Mcs1c. In rats for which each locus was homozygous for the COP allele, tumor development was reduced by approximately 60% compared with littermate controls. The identification of these independent loci within the Mcs1 COP allele provide a model of the genetic complexity of cancer.     

'Sheltered disruption' of Neurospora crassa MOM22, an essential component of the mitochondrial protein import complex

MOM22 is a component of the protein import complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane of Neurospora crassa. Using the newly developed procedure of 'sheltered disruption', we created a heterokaryotic strain harboring two nuclei, one with a null allele of the mom-22 gene and the other with a wild-type allele. Homokaryons bearing the mom-22 disruption could not be isolated, suggesting that mom-22 is an essential gene. The mutant nucleus can be forced to predominate in the heterokaryon through the use of specific nutritional and inhibitor resistance markers. Cultivation of the heterokaryon under conditions favoring the mutant nucleus resulted in selective depletion of MOM22. MOM22-depleted cells did not grow and contained mitochondria with an altered morphology and protein composition. Protein import into isolated, MOM22-depleted mitochondria was abolished for most precursor proteins destined for all subcompartments. In contrast, precursors of MOM19, MOM22 and MOM72 became inserted normally into the outer membrane, defining a novel MOM22-independent import pathway which remained intact in mutant mitochondria. Furthermore, the specific binding of the ADP/ATP carrier to the outer membrane was unaffected, but subsequent transport across the outer membrane did not occur. Our data show that MOM22 is an essential component of Neurospora cells specifically required for the biogenesis of mitochondria.     

Cognitive shifting as a predictor of progress in social understanding in high-functioning adolescents with autism: a prospective study

The pyrolytic behavior of inulin, a (2-->1)-linked fructofuranan, is described. Parallel investigations of the pyrolysis of glucose and of fructose were conducted to supplement the inulin results and to aid comparison with previous results from glucans. Effects of neutral and basic additives are emphasized. As with glucans, the addition of such additives (especially basic) increases the yields of the one-, two-, and three-carbon products (as well as of hexosaccharinolactones), while generally decreasing the yields of anhydro sugar and furan derivatives. The former products include glycolaldehyde, acetol, dihydroxy-acetone, acetic acid, formic acid, and lactic acid. Mechanistic speculations are made regarding the origins of these compounds, as well as of furan derivatives and saccharinic acid lactones. Parallels with alkaline degradation are considered.     

Lung function measurement in general practice: a comparison of the Escort spirometer with the Micromed turbine spirometer and the mini-Wright peak flow meter

It is important that new types of spirometer for widespread clinical use are pragmatically evaluated in primary care. This study compared measurements taken by a new portable Fleisch pneumotachograph spirometer (known as the Escort) with those of the commonly used mini-Wright peak flow meter and the Micromed Pocket turbine spirometer. A pragmatic study was conducted in two phases during routine surgeries at Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton. Phase I compared the new spirometer with the mini-Wright peak flow meter and Phase 2 compared the new spirometer and the turbine spirometer. One hundred patients aged 5-88 years (56 patients with a history of chronic respiratory complaints and 44 patients without) entered Phase 1, and 100 patients aged 6-82 years (62 patients with a history of chronic respiratory complaints and 38 patients without) entered Phase 2. Each patient contributed only once to each phase, but some entered both phases on separate occasions. Ninety-five percent limits of agreement (mean +/- SD) were wide for all comparisons. Graphical plots revealed trends towards higher Escort values as mean values rose compared with both mini-Wright and turbine readings for peak expiratory flow rate and forced expiratory volume in one second. Possible over-reading of peak expiratory flow rate with the mini-Wright meter at low mean values was also seen. Readings taken with these different types of meter cannot be interchanged with confidence in clinical practice. The clinical significance of the theoretically more accurate measures of lung function produced with the new meter, and indeed of spirometry itself, needs further investigation.