ATCA与MicroTCA打造电信市场的COTS平台

3G核心网是一个多媒体网络。尽管3G网络的基本结构是简单而直接的,但仍然含有大量的不同来源的网元设备。互操作性问题在这样的系统绝非小事,有大量的规划、测试与集成工作要做。随着ATCA与μTCA(MicroTCA)的诞生,有了广泛接受的标准来应对日益增长的网元实现方式多样性。ATCA与μTCA提供了标准化解决方案,它们适用于3G网元,无论是无线接入网还是核心网域,都可以采用相同的技术来实现绝大多数的网元。μTCA脱胎于ATCA,适用于接入网中的紧凑型系统,其应用领域不仅限于通信网络,还可用于其它任何需要紧凑型、高性能处理的领域。在…     

Effect of block weight on work demands and physical workload during masonry work

The effect of block weight on work demands and physical workload was determined for masons who laid sandstone building blocks over the course of a full work day. Three groups of five sandstone block masons participated. Each group worked with a different block weight: 11 kg, 14 kg or 16 kg. Productivity and durations of tasks and activities were assessed through real time observations at the work site. Energetic workload was also assessed through monitoring the heart rate and oxygen consumption at the work site. Spinal load of the low back was estimated by calculating the cumulated elastic energy stored in the lumbar spine using durations of activities and previous data on corresponding compression forces. Block weight had no effect on productivity, duration or frequency of tasks and activities, energetic workload or cumulative spinal load. Working with any of the block weights exceeded exposure guidelines for work demands and physical workload. This implies that, regardless of block weight in the range of 11 to 16 kg, mechanical lifting equipment or devices to adjust work height should be implemented to substantially lower the risk of low back injuries.     

Anomalous diffraction by arbitrarily oriented ellipsoids: applications in ektacytometry

Anomalous diffraction by an arbitrarily oriented ellipsoid with three different axes is derived. From the resulting expression the relationship between the shape of the ellipsoid and the intensity pattern is immediately evident: The axial ratio of the elliptical isointensity curve equals the axial ratio of the elliptical projected area of the ellipsoid. A comparison of anomalous diffraction with calculations performed with the T-matrix method reveals that the anomalous diffraction approximation is highly accurate for single ellipsoidal red blood cells. Application of the expression for anomalous diffraction by ellipsoids to a population of red blood cells shows that, even in a red-cell suspension as examined in an ektacytometer, the axial ratio of the isointensity curves is equal to the mean axial ratio of the red blood cells in the population. In ektacytometry this relationship between cell shape and intensity pattern is commonly assumed to hold true without reference to the light-scattering properties of the cells. The results presented here show that this assumption is valid, and we offer a profound theoretical basis for it by considering in detail the light scattering by the red blood cells.     

Refractive-index-profile determinations by using Lloyd's mirage

A method is presented for the experimental determination of refractive-index profiles for planar media of monotonically decreasing refractive index, such as those used for optical waveguides. The technique is based on a generalization of the classical experiment of Lloyd's mirror, involving the interference pattern formed by a point source and its mirage, i.e., its reflection in such a graded planar medium.     

Energy conversion at liquid/liquid interfaces: artificial photosynthetic systems

This chapter focuses on multielectron reactions in organized assemblies of molecules at the liquid/liquid interface. We describe the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of such reactions, including the structure of the reaction centers, charge movement along the electron transfer pathways, and the role of electric double layers in artificial photosynthesis. Some examples of artificial photosynthesis at the oil/water interface are considered, including water photooxidation to the molecular oxygen, oxygen photoreduction, photosynthesis of amphiphilic compounds and proton evolution by photochemical processes.     

Fluorescent heterogeneities in turbid media: limits for detection, characterization, and comparison with absorption

The fundamental limits for detection and characterization of fluorescent (phosphorescent) inhomogeneities embedded in tissuelike highly scattering turbid media are investigated. The absorption and fluorescence contrast introduced by exogenous fluorophores are also compared. Both analyses are based on practical signal-to-noise ratio considerations. For an object with fivefold fluorophore concentration and lifetime contrast with respect to the background tissue, we find the smallest detectable fluorescent object at 3-cm depth in tissuelike turbid media to be ~0.25 cm in radius, whereas the smallest characterizable object size is ~0.75 cm in radius, given a model with 1% amplitude and 0.5 degrees phase noise. We also find that, for fluorescence extinction coefficients epsilon 相似文献