Pre-obesity and obesity impacts on passive joint range of motion

Despite the prevalence of pre-obesity and obesity, the physical capabilities of pre-obese/obese individuals are not well documented. As an effort to address this, this study investigated the pre-obesity and obesity impacts on joint range of motion (RoM) for twenty-two body joint motions. A publicly available passive RoM dataset was analysed. Three BMI groups (normal-weight, pre-obese, and obese [Class I]) were statistically compared in joint RoM. The pre-obese and obese groups were found to have significantly smaller RoM means than the normal-weight for elbow flexion and supination, hip extension and flexion, knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion. The pre-obese and obese groups exhibited no significant inter-group mean RoM differences except for knee flexion; for knee flexion, the obese group had significantly smaller RoM means than the pre-obese. The findings would be useful for designing work tasks and products/systems for high BMI individuals and developing digital human models representing differently sized individuals.

Practitioner summary: This study investigated the pre-obesity and obesity impacts on joint range of motion (RoM) by comparing three participant groups: normal-weight; pre-obese and obese. The pre-obese and obese groups had significantly smaller RoM means than the normal-weight for elbow flexion and supination; hip extension and flexion; knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion.

Abbreviations: ANCOVA: Analysis of Covariance; BMI: Body Mass Index; CI: Confidence Interval; RoM: Range of Motion; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences     

Crop Water Productivity of Irrigated Teff in a Water Stressed Region

In water stressed regions such as the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, increasing Crop Water Productivity (CWP) is imperative for sustainable food and water security. This paper presents CWP of Teff (Eragrostic Tef), a staple food in Ethiopia and an important export crop. Field experiments were conducted under irrigated agriculture during the dry seasons in the periods: 1) November 2010 to March 2011; and 2) December 2011 to April, 2012 at Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre in Ethiopia. Teff crop was irrigated at sixteen different water application depths ranging from 100 to 25 % of the optimum Crop Water Evapotranspiration (ETc.) during the four growing stages, the initial, development, mid season and late season. The effect of seeding rates of 25 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha on lodging and yield of the crop was also determined. The main results were: 1) At 25 % deficit irrigation applied for the whole growth period, Teff CWP was the highest at 1.16 and 1.08 kg/m³ respectively for the seeding rates of 25 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha; 2) the CWP slightly decreased to 1.12 and 1.07 kg/m³ when the 25 % deficit was applied during the late season stage; 3) the crop yield response factor (K_y) of 1.09 and 1.19 was obtained for seeding rates of 25 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha respectively; the equivalent biomass response factor (K_y) was less at 0.88 and 0.96 respectively.