Hot workability characteristics of Rene88DT superalloy with directionally solidified microstructure

The hot deformation characteristics of Rene88 DT superalloy with directionally solidified microstructure produced by electroslag remelting continuous directionally solidification(ESR-CDSò) were studied in the temperature range of 1,040–1,140 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–1.000 s-1by hot compression tests. Flow curves for Rene88 DT alloy with initial directionally solidified(DS)microstructure exhibit pronounced peak stresses at the early stage of deformation followed by the occurrence of dynamic softening phenomenon. Rene88 DT alloy with DS microstructure shows higher flow peak stresses compared with HIPed P/M superalloy FGH4096, but the disparities in peak stresses between ESR-CDSed Rene88 DT and HIPed P/M superalloy FGH4096 reduce as temperature increases. The improvement of hot workability of DS alloy with columnar grains avoiding the maximum shear stress comes true. A hot deformation constitutive equation as a function of strain that describes the dependence of flow stress on strain rate and temperature is established. Hot deformation apparent activation energy(Q) varies not only with the strain rate and temperature but also with strain. The strain rate sensitivity exponent(m) map is established at the strain of 0.8, which reveals that global dynamic recrystallization(DRX) shows a relatively high m value in a large strain compression.Optimum parameters are predicted in two regions:T = 1,100–1,130 °C,_e = 0.100–1.000 s-1and T = 1,080–1,100 °C,_e = 0.010–0.100 s-1, which is based on processing maps and deformation microstructure observations.     

A dynamic programming approach to sequential pattern recognition

This paper presents the dynamic programming approach to the design of optimal pattern recognition systems when the costs of feature measurements describing the pattern samples are of considerable importance. A multistage or sequential pattern classifier which requires, on the average, a substantially smaller number of feature measurements than that required by an equally reliable nonsequential classifier is defined and constructed through the method of recursive optimization. Two methods of reducing the dimensionality in computation are presented for the cases where the observed feature measurements are 1) statistically independent, and 2) Markov dependent. Both models, in general, provide a ready solution to the optimal sequential classification problem. A generalization in the design of optimal classifiers capable of selecting a best sequence of feature measurements is also discussed. Computer simulated experiments in character recognition are shown to illustrate the feasibility of this approach.     

A step towards unification of syntactic and statistical pattern recognition

The problem of pattern recognition is discussed in terms of single-entity representation versus multiple-entity representation. A combined syntactic-semantic approach based on attributed grammars is suggested. Syntax-semantics tradeoff in pattern representation is demonstrated. This approach is intended to be an initial step toward unification of syntactic and statistical approaches to pattern recognition.     

Engineering practice and economic analysis of ozone oxidation wet denitrification technology

SO₂ and NO emitted from coal-fired power plants have caused serious air pollution in China. In this study, a test system for NO oxidation using O₃ is established. The basic characteristics of NO oxidation and products forms are studied. A separate test system for the combined removal of SO₂ and NO_x is also established, and the absorption characteristics of NO_x are studied. The characteristics of NO oxidation and NO_x absorption were verified in a 35 t·h^-1 industrial boiler wet combined desulfurization and denitrification project. The operating economy of ozone oxidation wet denitrification technology is analyzed. The results show that O₃ has a high rate and strong selectivity for NO oxidation. When O₃ is insufficient, the primary oxidation product is NO₂. When O₃ is present in excess, NO₂ continues to get oxidized to N₂O₅ or NO₃. The removal efficiency of NO₂ in alkaline absorption system is low (only about 15%). NO_x removal efficiency can be improved by oxidizing NO_x to N₂O₅ or NO₃ by increasing ozone ratio. When the molar ratio of O₃/NO is 1.77, the NO_x removal efficiency reaches 90.3%, while the operating cost of removing NO_x per kilogram is 6.06 USD (NO₂).     

Coalescence dynamics of two droplets of different viscosities in T-junction microchannel with a funnel-typed expansion chamber

The coalescence behavior of two droplets with different viscosities in the funnel-typed expansion cham-ber in T-junction microchannel was investigated experimentally and compared with droplet coalescence of the same viscosity.Four types of coalescence regimes were observed:contact non-coalescence,squeeze non-coalescence,two-droplet coalescence and pinch-off coalescence.For droplet coalescence of different viscosities,the operating range of non-coalescence becomes narrowed compared to the droplet coalescence of same viscosity,and it shrinks with increasing viscosity ratio η of two droplets,indicating that the difference in the viscosity of two droplets is conducive to coalescence,especially when 1 ＜ η＜ 6.Furthermore,the influences of viscosity ratio and droplet size on the film drainage time (Tdr) and critical capillary number (Cac) were studied systematically.It was found that the film drainage time declined with the increase of average droplet size,which abided by power-law relation with the size dif-ference and viscosity ratio of the two droplets:Tdr ～ (ld)0.25±0.04 and Tdr ～ (η)-0.1±002.For droplet coales-cence of same viscosity,the relation of critical capillary number with two-phase viscosity ratio and dimensionless droplet size is Cac =0.48λ0.26l-2.64,while for droplet coalescence of different viscosities,the scaling of critical capillary number with dimensionless average droplet size,dimensionless droplet size difference and viscosity ratio of two droplets is Cac =0.11 η-0.07ls-2.23ld0.16.     

Functionalized carbon nanotubes: properties and applications

Carbon nanotubes can be functionalized via amidation and esterification of the nanotube-bound carboxylic acids. The solubility of these functionalized carbon nanotubes makes it possible to characterize and study the properties of carbon nanotubes using solution-based techniques. Representative results concerning the solubility, dispersion, defunctionalization, and optical properties of the functionalized carbon nanotubes are presented. Several examples for the use of functionalized carbon nanotubes in the fabrication of polymeric carbon nanocomposites, the probing of nanotube-molecule interactions, and the conjugation with biological species are highlighted and discussed.     

Increased α-linolenic acid intake increases tissue α-linolenic acid content and apparent oxidation with little effect on tissue docosahexaenoic acid in the guinea pig

The essential fatty acids do not have identical roles in nutrition. Linoleic acid (LA) accumulates throughout the body of most mammals, whereas α-linolenic acid (ALA) is rarely found in tissue lipids to the same extent as LA. It has been argued that this is the result of metabolism of ALA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or that ALA is rapidly β-oxidized to acetyl CoA and CO₂. In this study, we consider the effect of high and low ALA levels on the tissue distribution of ALA and other n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all tissues. Guinea pigs were fed one of two defined diets for 3 wk from wearning with both diets containing 1.8% (by weight) of LA and either 1.7% ALA or 0.03% ALA. The high ALA diet was associated with significantly increased ALA levels in all tissues except the brain and significantly increased levels of long-chain n-3 PUFA in all tissues except intestines, brain, carcass, and skin. The long-chain n-3 PUFA content of the whole body was less than 5% of that of the ALA content in both diet groups, and the major long-chain n-3 PUFA (>66% of total) in the body was 22∶5n−3. The brain was the only tissue where the DHA content exceeded that of 22∶5n−3. On the low ALA diet, there appeared to be conservation of ALA based on a comparison of the ratio of LA to ALA in the tissues compared with that in the diet. On the high ALA diet there was a loss of ALA relative to LA in the tissues compared with the diet. These studies suggest that the low levels of tissue ALA in the guinea pig are likely the result of β-oxidation or excretion via the skin and fur rather than metabolism to DHA.     

Jump Filter: A Dynamic Sketch for Big Data Governance

With the rapid development of information technology, the volume of data maintains exponential growth, and the value of data is hard to mine. This brings significant challenges to the efficient management and control of each link in the data life cycle, such as data collection, cleaning, storage, and sharing. Sketch uses a hash table/matrix/bit vector to track the core characteristics of data, such as frequency, cardinality, and membership. This mechanism makes the sketch itself metadata, which has been widely used in sharing, transmission, update, and other scenarios. The rapid flow characteristic of big data has spawned dynamic sketches. The existing dynamic sketches have the advantage of expanding or shrinking the capacity with the size of the data stream by dynamically maintaining a list of probabilistic data structures in a chain or tree structure. However, there are problems with the excessive space overhead and time overhead increasing with the increase in the dataset cardinality. This paper designs a dynamic sketch for big data governance on the basis of the advanced jump consistent hash. This method can simultaneously achieve the space overhead that grows linearly with the dataset cardinality and the constant time overhead of data processing and analysis, effectively supporting the demanding big data processing and analysis tasks for big data governance. The validity and efficiency of the proposed method are verified by the comparison with traditional methods on various synthetic and natural datasets.     

Consensus control of multi‑manipulator systems based on disturbance observer under Markov switching topologies

In this paper, to solve the consensus control problem of multi-manipulator systems under Markov switching topologies, we propose a distributed consensus control strategy based on disturbance observer. In multi-manipulator systems, external disturbance described by heterogeneous exogenous systems is considered, and all communication topologies are directed. First, a disturbance observer is presented to suppress the influence of unknown external disturbance, and the equivalent compensation is introduced into the control protocol in multi-manipulator systems. Then, a novel control protocol based on neighbor information is designed, which guarantees that multi-manipulator systems reach consensus under Markov switching topologies. Finally, two simulation examples verify the validity of the theoretical result.     

Analysis of the Micro-Rotation Compliant Mechanism Based on the Corner-Filleted Flexure Hinges

基于直梁圆角型柔性铰链的小转角柔顺机构

鄢永耀^1,2,刘伟¹ ,颜昌翔¹ ,付锦江^1,2

（1.中国科学院 长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,吉林 130033;

2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049）

创新点说明：

1）通过对称变换和坐标平移的方法较为简单方便的推导出了直梁圆角型柔性铰链的柔度公式;

2）设计了一种由8个直梁圆角型柔性铰链组成的适用于某快速微调装置中的小转角柔顺机构

研究目的：

根据研究的直梁圆角型柔性铰链柔度公式及小转角柔顺机构力学特性,对某快速微调机构的旋转部分进行结构设计及优化。

研究方法：

1）对称变换及坐标变换的方法（理论计算）;

2）三维建模和有限元分析;

3）建立优化模型及运用matlab软件的fmincon优化指令。

结果：

1）推导了直梁圆角型柔性铰链的柔度公式;

2）设计了小转角柔顺机构,并推导出了工作力矩/刚度的理论公式;

3）根据某快速微调机构的技术要求,进行了结构设计及优化。

结论：

1）本文通过采用对称变换及坐标变换的方法,相比于传统的微积分直接计算更加简单方便的推导出了倒圆角柔性铰链的柔度公式,经验证,理论推导的结果与有限元结果比较大体一致,误差不超过8%。

2）结合此倒圆角柔性铰链的柔度公式,研究出一种一维旋转机构——小转角柔性机构,并推导出工作力矩/刚度的理论公式,分析了结构参数对工作刚度的影响,通过有限元分析及测试实验验证了柔性机构的力矩理论公式准确可靠。

3）根据某空间项目的技术要求,设计了相应的小转角柔性机构,并通过优化模型对此柔性机构进行了尺寸优化使得其满足约束条件的同时工作力矩尽量小。

关键词：柔性铰链,直梁圆角,柔顺机构,刚度,优化,理论模型