Air Quality Profile of Inorganic Ionic Composition of Fine Aerosols at Two Sites in Mumbai City

The levels of PM ₁₀ , PM _2.5 , and NO ₂ were studied at a kerbsite and ambient site in Mumbai. Measurements were also made for eight inorganic ions (F ^? , Cl ^? , NO ₃ ^? , SO ^2? ₄ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , NH ₄ ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , and Mg ²⁺ ) in the PM _2.5 fraction. During the study period, PM _2.5 , PM ₁₀ and NO ₂ levels ranged between 11–91, 18–125, and 8–64 μ g m ^{? 3} at a ambient site whereas at the kerbsite the ranges were 10–176, 21–189, and 4–55 μ g m ^?3 respectively. Average PM _2.5 values were 42 μ g m ^{? 3} at ambient and 69 μ g m ^?3 at the kerbsite. The measured ions accounted for about 50% of the PM _2.5 mass. Non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate contributed 91% and 85% of the ionic mass at the ambient and kerbsite sites respectively. Due to biomass sources of K, only about 5% of K ⁺ was from seas salt. The average equivalent ratio of NH ₄ ⁺ to nss- SO ² ₄ ^? , and NO ₃ ^? was over 1, indicating high source strength of ammonia.     

固井水泥环微间隙与微裂缝的模拟试验方法

对于固井水泥环微间隙和微裂缝模拟试验方法以及自修复评价试验方法,目前尚未统一。为了顺利开展固井水泥环自修复技术研究,基于大量的探索实验,提出了两种模拟微间隙和微裂缝的试验方法:使用不锈钢钢管模拟套管,通过先在套管内壁涂抹均匀的钻井液液膜,然后灌入固井水泥浆的方法模拟固井水泥环微间隙;通过直接灌入水泥浆(内壁无钻井液液膜),待试样固化后再对钢管外壁施加机械挤压力的方法模拟固井水泥环的微裂缝。从抗窜强度测试、试验误差分析和无损伤CT扫描等方面,对模拟试验方法的可靠性、稳定性和模拟样品的微观形态进行了分析研究。结果表明,该模拟试验方法简单易行,微裂缝与微间隙模拟的过程和微观形态与实际工况接近,试验数据稳定可靠。结论认为,该模拟试验方法能够较好地应用于固井水泥环自修复技术研究和固井水泥浆力学性能分析测试。