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The storage time before salvaging of decommissioned nuclear-powered submarines and the floating storage time of reactor units from salvaged submarines can total decades. During this time, radioactive contamination of seawater occurs as a result of the corrosion of the pressure hull in the region of the reactor system and rupturing of the pressure hull - as a result of corrosion of the components of the reactor system. A computational analysis shows that under standard storage conditions the specific activity of water is 105–106 times lower than the intervention level. In the case when the hull and the reactor system are destroyed even with remaining fuel, the specific activity of the sea water near the point of sinking also does not exceed the intervention level because of the slow emission of fission products and transuranium nuclides.Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 210–218, September, 2004. 相似文献
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Composite Materials Based on Shape‐Memory Ti2NiCu Alloy for Frontier Micro‐ and Nanomechanical Applications
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Validation of coupled codes using VVER plant measurements 总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3
T. Vanttola A. Hmlinen S. Kliem Y. Kozmenkov F.-P. Weiss A. Keresztúri J. Hdek C. Strmensky S. Stefanova A. Kuchin P. Hlbocky D. Siko S. Danilin 《Nuclear Engineering and Design》2005,235(2-4):507-519
A data set of five transients at different VVER type nuclear power plants was collected in order to validate neutron kinetics/thermal hydraulics codes. Two of these transients ‘drop of control rod at nominal power at Bohunice-3’ of VVER-440 type and ‘coast-down of 1 from 3 working MCPs at Kozloduy-6’ of VVER-1000 type, were then utilised for code validation. Eight institutes contributed to the validation with 10 calculations using 5 different combinations of coupled codes. The thermal hydraulic codes were ATHLET, SMABRE and RELAP5 and the neutron kinetic codes DYN3D, HEXTRAN, KIKO3D and BIPR8. The general behaviour of both the transients was quite well calculated with all the codes. Even an elementary modelling of coolant mixing in reactor pressure vessel under asymmetric transients improved correspondence to the measurements. Some differences between the calculations seem to indicate that fuel modelling and treatment of VVER-440 control rods need further consideration. The simultaneous validation interacted with the data collection effort and thus improved its quality. The complexity of data collection systems and sometimes conflicting data, however, called for compromises and interpretation guides that also taught the analysts balanced plant modelling. 相似文献
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The stress-response Snf1 protein kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as a powerful model for studies of the eukaryotic Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family. Central to studies of Snf1 are methods that determine its activation state under various physiological and genetic conditions. Here, we have developed a convenient and sensitive method for immunoblot analysis of endogenous yeast Snf1 and its activation-loop threonine (Thr210) phosphorylation. The method employs readily obtainable reagents and yields results that faithfully reflect the environmental and genetic conditions tested. Using our method, we have obtained evidence that Snf1 remains stress-regulated in reg1 Delta cells, revealing the existence of a Snf1 signalling mechanism(s) that is independent of Reg1-PP1 phosphatase. In addition to strains of common laboratory S. cerevisiae backgrounds, we have applied the method to two pathogenic Candida species, C. glabrata and C. albicans. We have detected proteins whose gel mobilities, immune properties and regulation patterns are consistent with those expected for the corresponding Snf1 homologues. Because Snf1 activation is a sensitive marker of several types of stress, including artifactual stresses associated with common cell harvesting and protein extraction procedures, the convenient and efficient protein extraction method described here should be advantageous for SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses of stress-regulated and other proteins from various yeast species. 相似文献
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The Ce2Fe17−xMnx (x = 0-2) compounds demonstrate a complex temperature dependence of the magnetocaloric effect MCE, which is inverse in a narrow temperature interval just below Néel temperature TN and normal at higher or lower temperatures. The normal MCE exhibits two peaks in the vicinity of temperatures of ferromagnetic ordering ΘT and TN for compositions x = 0-0.35, 1.3-2 or one peak near TN for antiferromagnets with x = 0.5-1. The maximal change of the peak entropy −SM is about 3 J/kg K in a field of 5 T for the compounds with x = 0-0.5 at T ∼230 K close to TN. The drastic decrease of the MCE, by half, in the Ce2Fe17−xMnx system is traceable to a decrease of the spontaneous magnetization and the helical type of magnetic states in the compounds. 相似文献
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Yu. G. Chukalkin A. E. Teplykh A. G. Kuchin 《The Physics of Metals and Metallography》2008,106(6):566-576
Magnetic and neutron-diffraction methods have been used to study the magnetic state of polycrystalline and amorphous samples of the intermetallic compound Ce2Fe17. The amorphous state was obtained by irradiating the intermetallic compound by fast neutrons. It has been shown that the competition of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions between the nearest-neighbor iron atoms, which is responsible for the formation of the magnetic state, manifests itself differently in the crystalline and amorphous states. In the crystalline sample, an increase in temperature leads to a transition of a collinear ferromagnet into an antiferromagnet. In the amorphous intermetallic compound, the competition leads to local spin deviations, which cause the appearance of some low-temperature features in its magnetic properties. Based on experimental data, H-T magnetic phase diagrams of the crystalline and amorphous Ce2Fe17 have been constructed. It has been shown that the magnetic field destroys both the antiferromagnetic state in the crystalline Ce2Fe17 and the low-temperature mixed (combining properties of ferromagnets and spin glasses) magnetic state in the amorphous Ce2Fe17. 相似文献