Thermal transport and chemical conversion in single reacting sorbent particles

The effects of particle size and carbon dioxide concentration on chemical conversion in engineered spherical particles undergoing calcium oxide looping are investigated. Particles are thermochemically cycled in a furnace under different carbon dioxide concentrations. Changes in composition due to chemical reactions are measured using thermogravimetric analysis. Gas composition at the furnace exit is evaluated with mass spectroscopy. A numerical model of thermal transport phenomena developed previously is adapted to match the physical system investigated in the present study. The model is used to elucidate effects of reacting medium characteristics on particle temperature and reaction extent. Experimental and numerical results show that (1) an increase in particle size results in a decrease in carbonation extent, and (2) the carbonation step consists of fast and slow reaction regimes. The reaction rates in the fast and slow carbonation regimes increase with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. The effect of carbon dioxide concentration and the distinction between the fast and slow regimes become more pronounced with increasing particle size.     

Unsteady radiative heat transfer within a suspension of ZnO particles undergoing thermal dissociation

An emitting, absorbing, and anisotropically scattering plain medium containing a suspension of ZnO particles is considered, in which the particles are directly exposed to high-flux irradiation and undergo shrinkage during their endothermic dissociation into Zn(g) and O₂ at above 2100 K. The unsteady energy equation that links the rate of radiative heat transfer to the rate of the chemical reaction is formulated and solved numerically by the finite volume technique and the explicit Euler time-integration scheme. The path-length Monte Carlo method is applied for modeling the radiative transfer within the suspension using the absorption/scattering coefficients and the scattering phase function obtained from the Mie theory. It is found that the particle suspension can be heated rapidly from its initial 300 K to over 1800 K in less than 0.1 s, resulting in a more uniform temperature profile as the reaction progresses, particles shrink, and the suspension becomes optically thinner. The chemical conversion increases with decreasing initial particle diameter and volume fraction due to the efficient radiative absorption.     

Biofunctionalized upconverting CaF<Subscript>2</Subscript>:Yb,Tm nanoparticles for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida albicans</Emphasis> detection and imaging

Versatile optimization of the synthesis method and composition of Yb3+ and Tm3+ co-doped CaF2 nanoparticles as well as a novel biofunctionalization method were developed and evaluated.Through multistep synthesis,the luminescence intensity of the Tm3+ activator was enhanced by more than 10-fold compared to standard one-step synthesis.The proposed methods were used to homogenously distribute the doping ions within the nanoparticle's volume and thus reduce luminescence quenching.Optimization of dopant ions concentration led to the selection of the most efficient visible and near-infrared up-converting nanoparticles,which were CaF2 doped with 10％ Yb3+ 0.05％ Tm3+ and 20％ Yb3+ 0.5％ Tm3+,respectively.To illustrate the suitability of the synthesized nanoparticles as bio-labels,a dedicated biofunctionalization method was used,and the nanoparticles were applied for labeling and imaging of Candida albicans cells.This method shows great promise because of extremely low background and high specificity because of the presence of the attached molecules.     

Measurement and analysis of the water hammer in ram pump

Sādhanā - This paper presents the results of experimental research of the phenomena occurring in water ram during a single cycle of its operation. Apart from a brief introduction and...     

Experimental study of paddy drying in a vortex chamber

The intensification of interfacial mass, heat, and momentum transfer makes vortex chambers potentially interesting for the efficient drying of paddy, allowing shorter drying times and/or more compact equipment. The presence of a shell introduces particular challenges. Intraparticle diffusion limitations are strong and may reduce the advantage from intensified interfacial mass and heat transfer and the efficiency of air usage. Furthermore, high shear and normal stresses in the fast rotating particle bed may cause damage to the paddy shell, posing problems for transport and storage. With these specific aspects in mind, the use of vortex chambers for paddy drying is experimentally evaluated.     

Determination of thermal radiative properties of packed-bed media containing a mixture of polydispersed particles

Thermal radiative characteristics of packed beds containing a mixture of polydispersed SiO₂, ZnO, and C particles are determined numerically by employing the Monte Carlo technique, which is validated with the experimentally measured overall transmittance. A radiative heat transfer model is formulated for a pseudo-continuum multi-component medium of Mie-scattering particles. Good agreement is achieved by incorporating approximate phase functions that reproduce the experimentally observed preference for forward scattering.     

Nanopowders of YAl3(BO3)4 doped by Nd, Yb and Cr obtained by sol-gel method: Synthesis, structure and luminescence properties

Structure, morphology and luminescence properties of nanocrystalline samples of YAl₃(BO₃)₄ (YAB) undoped and doped with neodymium, ytterbium and chromium obtained by the sol-gel method are presented. The best results of synthesis are obtained for mannitol as polymerizing agent. Single phase of nanopowder is obtained for pure YAB. Dopants destroy the compound structure; two other compounds, namely Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ and YBO₃, were revealed by X-ray investigation. Nanopowders show isometric and needles forms, the calculated size of crystallites is about 60 nm. Their optical properties are determined and results are compared to data obtained for single crystal counterparts. It is shown that the influence of rare earth ions incorporated into YBO₃ phase on luminescent spectra and excited state relaxation dynamics of the nanopowders is negligibly small when the YBO₃ content is of the order of several wt%. Residual impurity phases do not affect significantly spectroscopic properties of YAB nanopowders.     

New insights into the functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with aniline derivatives

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were functionalized with a variety of chemical groups by reaction of p-substituted anilines (R–Ph–NH₂) in the presence and absence of isopentyl nitrite used for the in situ generation of diazonium species. All materials were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy.In the presence of isopentyl nitrite, the extent of functionalization was high and nearly independent on the amount of isopentyl nitrite and on the aniline substituents (R = F, Cl, I, NH₂, NO₂, OH, COOH, COOEt and Et). Unexpectedly, the functionalization of MWCNT with anilines bearing electron withdrawing groups was also observed in the absence of isopentyl nitrite. In the case of OH–Ph–NH₂, the reaction leads to MWCNT with the highest degree of functionalization and this can be considered as a new and efficient methodology for CNT functionalization with phenol groups. The overall reaction mechanism is discussed for both reaction conditions: confirmation of a radical chain mechanism was obtained for the reaction performed in the presence of isopentyl nitrite, while the formation of stabilized dipolar intermediate species seems to be involved in the absence of isopentyl nitrite. The materials with the highest degree of functionalization showed very good dispersions in acetonitrile even after 1 month.     

Das magnetische Feld des gleichstromdurchflossenen Leiters von elliptischem Querschnitt

Übersicht Es wird das magnetfeld eines elliptischen Stromleiters bestimmt. Die Permeabiliät des Leiters ₁ und des umgebenden Raumes ₂ sind beliebig. Zur Berechnung wird die Methode der Trennung der Veränderlichen angewendet.

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Contents The magnetic Field of the wire of eliptical cross section has been determined. The calculations have been carried out for any permeability values of the wire and its environment. The Fourier method of separation of variables has been applied.

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Bezeichnungen a, b Halbachsen der Ellipse - c Ellipsenexzentrizität - ₁ Permeabilität des Leiters - ₂ Permeabilität des Raumes - , ,z elliptische Koordinaten - a ,a ,a _z Einheitsvektoren - A Vektorpotential - B _x ,B _y Induktionskomponenten im kartesischen Koordinatensystem - B ,B Induktionskomponenten im elliptischen Koordinatensystem - C, D Konstanten - J Stromdichte - I Leiterstrom - Index I Innengebiet des Leiters - Index II Außengebiet des Leiters