Study of the Combined TWIP/TRIP Effect in a High Mn Steel During Cold Rolling

A combined TWIP/TRIP effect has been observed in a high Mn cold rolled steel. The change in the magnetic property of the material with strain due to the austenite‐to‐martensite transformation has been measured and it shows increasing ferromagnetic behavior with strain. The texture development with strain has been analyzed via the Schmid factor for slip and twin systems in the material. The phase transformation has been related to changes occurring in the {110} <001> and {112} <111> texture components as well as to the profiles of XRD peaks at different strain levels.     

Parametric study on the pyrolysis of manure and wood shavings

In this work, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of temperature (A), feed rate (B) and gas flow rate (C) on the liquid yield, char yield and pH of the biocrude oil. Box-Behnken design was chosen and a total number of 15 experimental runs including 3 center runs were generated for the pyrolysis of a mixture of 50 wt.% layer manure and 50 wt.% loblolly pine wood shavings in a 50 mm bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The operational variables were as follows: temperature (400-550 °C), nitrogen gas flow rate (12-24 L/min), and feed rate (160-480 g/h). A second-order regression models were used to predict the responses. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with Minitab 16 software and the significant effect of the factors and their interaction effects were tested at 95% confidence interval. The biocrude yield was significantly influenced by temperature, feed rate and gas flow rate. Temperature was the only significant factor that influenced the char yield. Maximum biocrude yield (51.1 wt.%) was achieved at 475 °C with a feed rate of 480 g/h and a gas rate of 12 L/min. The lowest char yield (22.6 wt.%) was achieved at 550 °C, 320 g/h and 12 L/min and the biocrude had the highest pH (4.85) at 475 °C, 160 g/h and 24 L/min. The predictive models proposed agreed with the experimental values.