Physical and biological characterizations of a novel multiphase anodic spark deposition coating to enhance implant osseointegration

The present study assessed in vitro the short-term cellular response to surface physico-chemical properties of a new, purposed bioactive surface treatment called BioSpark^TM performed on simply machined and on sand-blasted titanium. Material characterisation was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, laser profilometry, and thin film X-ray diffraction. The in vitro biological study showed a suitable cellular response with adhesion and spreading level comparable for all the tested specimens. The proliferation analysis demonstrated that all the surfaces successfully supported cellular colonisation; in particular, higher cellular proliferation activity was observed on the BioSpark^TM-treated materials, with values higher than machined titanium. The results suggest that the BioSpark^TM treatment represents a smart way to enhance osteoblastic cellular colonisation and thus improve osteointegration processes of machined and sandblasted titanium for orthopaedic and dental implants.