A high-current and high-temperature 6H-SiC thyristor

A 6H-SiC thyristor has been fabricated and characterized. A forward breakover voltage close to 100 V and a pulse switched current density of 5200 A/cm² have been demonstrated. The thyristor is shown to operate under pulse gate triggering for turn-on and turn-off, with a rise time of 43 ns and a fall time of less than 100 ns. The forward breakover voltage is found to decrease by only 4% when the operating temperature is increased from room temperature to 300°C. It is found that anode ohmic contact resistance dominates the device forward drop at high current densities     

Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: similarities and differences

CFS and FM are clinical conditions characterized by a variety of nonspecific symptoms including prominent fatigue, myalgia, and sleep disturbances. There are no diagnostic studies or widely accepted, pathogenic, explanatory models for either illness. Despite remarkably different diagnostic criteria, CFS and FM have many demographic and clinical similarities. More specifically, few differences exist in the domains of symptoms, examination findings, laboratory tests, functional status, psychosocial features, and psychiatric disorders. FM appears to represent an additional burden of suffering among those with CFS, however, underscoring the importance of recognizing concurrent CFS and FM. Further clarification of the similarities (and differences) between CFS and FM may be useful in studies of prognosis and help define subsets of patients who may benefit from specific therapeutic interventions.     

Single-laser approach for fluorescence guidance of excimer laser angioplasty at 308 nm: evaluation in vitro and during coronary angioplasty

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Spectroscopic guidance of laser angioplasty has been attempted using a diagnostic He-Cd laser in addition to the therapeutic laser system. This study evaluated a single-laser approach for simultaneous ablation and fluorescence excitation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A spectroscopy system was coupled to a clinical XeCl excimer laser. Ablation of 162 human aortic samples in saline and blood with 45 mJ/mm2 per pulse yielded 676 fluorescence spectra validated histologically. The same equipment was used in 16 patients for angioplasty of 18 coronary stenoses applying 500 to 1,725 pulses with 45 to 60 mJ/mm2 under saline flushing. A total of 783 spectra were recorded and validated by intracoronary ultrasound (categories: atheroma, fibrous plaque, calcified lesion). RESULTS: In vitro, 5 types of spectra could be differentiated: (1) atheroma, (2) fibrous plaque, (3) calcified lesion in saline, (4) media, and (5) calcified lesion in blood. Discriminant analysis prospectively classified 576 validation spectra with the following sensitivity and specificity for each type: (1) 83.5 and 97.1%, (2) 85.7 and 96.8% (3) 100 and 98.5%, (4) 98.1 and 99.3%, (5) 98.9 and 100%, respectively. In vivo type 1, 2, 3, and 5 spectra were also observed, but not the media spectrum. The predominant sonographic category also prevailed in spectroscopy. Calcified lesions yielded type 3 and 5 as well as mixed spectra. CONCLUSIONS: Using an excimer laser for angioplasty allows combining ablation and fluorescence excitation without a diagnostic laser. Principal types of atherosclerotic lesions and the media can be differentiated spectroscopically with this approach.     

Botanische und chemische Untersuchungen an pr?historischen Getreidek?rnern aus alten Gr?berfunden

Ohne ZusammenfassungMitteilung aus der Versuchsanstalt des Verbandes Deutscher Müller an der Kgl. Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule zu Berlin.     

Characterization of light‐cured,dental‐resin‐based biocomposites

The dependence of the depth of cure (DOC) and degree of conversion (DC) on the depth of experimental and commercial materials were determined according to ISO 4049 procedure and with the use of Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Moreover, an attempt was made to find the correlation between the DOC and DC and the depth of the material. The hypothesis was that curing time recommended by the manufacturers is appropriate for curing both commercial and experimental materials to achieve comparable values of the examined properties. The impact of the filler characteristic was clearly observed. The longer curing time provides a deeper curing (DOC values) and higher reaction rate (DC); however, the dependence between the DC values and DOC values was not visible. Instead, a logarithmic trend in the relation of the DOC and curing time was clearly observed. The results of this study suggest that the experimental materials give some hope for potential clinical applications and should be further investigated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42812.     

Impact of cholesterol reduction on peripheral arterial disease in the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH)

BACKGROUND: Few lipid/atherosclerosis intervention trials have assessed the impact of cholesterol reduction on peripheral arterial disease. The 838 patients evaluated in the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH) trial represent more than the total number of patients in the seven previously reported studies. METHODS: Peripheral arterial disease in POSCH was assessed by progression of clinical disease, serial changes in the systolic blood pressure ankle/brachial index (ABI), and changes on sequential peripheral arteriograms. RESULTS: At the time of formal closure of the POSCH trial on July 19, 1990, claudication or limb-threatening ischemia was exhibited in 72 of 417 control group (CG) patients and in 54 of 421 intervention group (IG) patients (IG relative risk [RR] 0.702, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.169 to 1.000, p = 0.049). With additional follow-up evaluation to September 30, 1994, clinical peripheral arterial disease was evident in 91 CG patients and 64 IG patients (RR 0.656, 95% CI 0.200 to 0.903, p = 0.009). At the 5-year follow-up evaluation, an ABI of less than 0.95 was present in 41 of 120 CG patients and in 24 of 126 IG patients, all of whom had an ABI of 0.95 or greater at baseline (RR in the IG of 0.557, 95% CI 0.360 to 0.863, p < 0.01). No appreciable differences were noted in the progression or regression of arteriographic peripheral arterial disease between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Effective cholesterol reduction in POSCH led to statistically significant differences between the control and the intervention groups in the development of clinically evident peripheral arterial disease and in the ABI values, but not in the peripheral arteriograms. Additional studies need to assess the correlation between peripheral arterial changes and coronary arterial changes and clinical atherosclerosis events. Intervention trials that study peripheral arterial disease have intrinsic value in the evaluation of the impact of risk factor modification on progression of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease.     

Depressive mood and estimates of reinforcement frequency.

To test the hypothesis that mood level is related to a tendency to underestimate the amount of positive reinforcement received, 104 undergraduates were administered a depression scale and given trials on a multiple-choice learning task with correctness of responses signaled by the experimenter saying "right" or "wrong." Estimates of number of correct response correlated significantly and positively with number of correct responses. Part correlations between the depression scale and estimates, with number of correct responses partialed out of the estimates, were negative and were significant for women alone and both sexes combined, thus confirming the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comment on "Depressive affect: A test of behavioral hypotheses" by Wener and Rehm.

Critically examines A. E. Wener and L. P. Rehm's (see record 1975-25511-001) study in which Ss who were told that 80% of their responses were correct gave higher certainty ratings for their responses and had shorter latencies than Ss who were told that 20% of their responses were correct. The present article argues that to interpret these findings as evidence that a low rate of reinforcement leads to depression is gratuitous. Further, the danger of artifacts in Wener and Rehm's reanalyses of data is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)