Network Synchronization of an Orthogonal CDMA Satellite Communication System

This paper provides the network synchronization of an orthogonal CDMA geostationary satellite system for fixed service communications. It includes the synchronization procedures, the system architecture and the performance evaluation. The main objective is to provide network wide synchronization of all uplink orthogonal CDMA transmissions. This is achieved in steps; first by providing coarse synchronization using the uplink random access channel and then fine sync using innovative tracking control mechanisms. The uplink access channel receiver utilize a parallel/serial search method for rapid code acquisition, while the code tracking of the uplink orthogonal CDMA traffic channel is based on a delay feedback early-late gate in which the sych control resides in the receiver. The proposed system is designed to minimize the onboard complexity and satisfy the performance requirements. As shown in the performance section, the requirement that all uplink transmissions are synchronized to a reference time within 10% of the chip length can be achieved. In addition, the system analysis determines the design parameters values which optimize performance.     

A satellite switched CDMA system for fixed service communications

Satellite-switched code-division multiple access is a system proposed for geostationary fixed satellite service. SS/CDMA provides both multiple access and switching to a multibeam satellite. In this article we present the system architecture and performance. The SS/CDMA consist of the common air interface (CAI) and the onboard code switching mechanism. The CAI provides signaling control and traffic channels. Traffic channel access and modulation is based on a spectrally efficient CDMA scheme. The satellite code-division switch (CDS) routes calls from an uplink to a downlink beam without onboard demodulation and channel decoding. This system operates with demand assignment control; that is, channel bandwidth and switch connections are only assigned per user request. The system can offer a wide variety of bit rates with wireline quality of service. The services provided are circuit-switched calls for voice data and video, and packet-switched for data. As shown, the proposed SE-CDMA can achieve high capacity and very low bit error rates at low signal-to-noise ratio. Also, the innovative switching technique can provide low complexity and achieve high throughput for all services     

Throughput evaluation of a satellite-switched CDMA (SS/CDMA) demandassignment system

This paper presents throughput evaluation of a satellite-switched code-division multiple-access (SS/CDMA) system which operates under demand assignment control. SS/CDMA provides both multiple access and switching to a geostationary multibeam satellite. Multiple access is resolved by space, frequency, and code division. Space division is introduced by the multibeam antennas that provide frequency reuse in each beam. The spectrum is then channelized into frequency bands where each band is accessed by code division for both the uplink and downlink. The satellite on-board performs the switching function, which is also based on compatible code-multiplexed switching. The switch may route both circuit calls and data packets which are assigned upon request. The on-board code-division switch operates under the control of a channel assignment algorithm. We provide channel assignment algorithms for optimum, suboptimum, and random switch operation. The system throughput has been evaluated for each case and compared. Performance analysis has been carried out for the case of the optimum switch scheduling. The analysis is based on a discrete-time Markovian model, and provides the call-blocking probabilities and data packet delays. Computer simulations have been used to evaluate the performance of the optimum, suboptimum, and random cases. It is shown that the circuit call-blocking probabilities achieved for these cases are almost the same. The optimum algorithm achieves the minimum data packet delay, while the performance of the suboptimum algorithm is slightly better than the random one. Furthermore, data packets may be routed via the switch with limited delays, even with a heavy load of circuit calls     

CelluLAN: A Microcellular Network of Spread-Spectrum Wireless LANs with Efficient Spectral Reuse

The wireless network introduced here, called CelluLAN, can be used as both wireless local area network (LAN) and as a microcellular network. This is achieved by providing the capability of efficient spectral reuse. This capability became possible by spread-spectrum methods that allow the rejection of interference from adjacent CelluLANs. Spread-spectrum also enhances the multiple access throughput by utilizing its delay capture properties. In particular, we have presented the spread-spectrum random access (SSRA) and the spread-spectrum digital sense multiple access (SS-DSMA), which are based on the media access control (MAC) layer protocols of slotted Aloha and DSMA, respectively. These protocols are then enhanced with the capability of joint delay and power capture which is provided at the physical layer. Performance analysis of the system has been carried out to provide the throughput and the uncoded bit error rate of the SSRA and SS-DSMA protocols. The performance analysis is based on a detailed evaluation of the interference power between adjacent CelluLANs or frequency bands in a fully loaded network and with different types of pulse shaping filter. Performance results indicate that the CelluLAN network has satisfactory throughput performance with SS-DSMA protocol and when frequency reuse is one. As shown, the throughput performance is improved significantly when we use the joint delay-power capture technique. We also show that when the spreading factor increases above the point at which the frequency bands overlap, the access throughput begins to decrease.Diakoumis Gerakoulis received his Ph.D. degree from the City University of New York in 1984, his M.S. degree from Polytechnic Institute of New York in 1978, and his B.S. degree from New York Institute of Technology in 1976; all in electrical engineering. From 1984 to 1987 he was assistant professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York, and from 1987 to 1989 an associate professor at the Center of Excellence in Information Systems at Tennessee State University. In 1989 he joined AT & T Bell Laboratories as a member of technical staff, where he worked on common channel signaling and radio access technologies for personal communications. In 1996 he joined AT & T laboratories where he was involved in the system design, analysis and performance of common air interfaces for PCS. In 1998 he joined AT & T Labs-Research as a principal member of technical staff where he was involved in wideband access technologies for wireless and digital subscriber lines. In 2004 he joined General Dynamics – Advanced Information Systems where he is currently a senior lead engineer in systems where he is involved in ad hoc and sensor networks.Dr. Gerakoulis holds eight USA patents and he is co-author of the book CDMA: Access and Switching John Wiley, Feb 2001. Dr. Gerakoulis has also published many papers in journals and conference proceedings in the areas of satellite switching and multiple access, spread-spectrum access and synchronization and multi-carrier CDMA for wireless communications.Evaggelos Geraniotis (SM 88) received the Diploma (with highest honors) in Electrical Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in EE from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.From September 1985 to December 2001 he was with the University of Maryland, College Park, where from 1992 to 2001 he was Professor of Electrical Engineering and a member of the Institute for Systems Research and the Center for Satellite and Hybrid Communication Networks. Since January 2002, Dr. Geraniotis has been president of EG Wireless Systems Inc., a consulting company dedicated to research and development in commercial and military wireless communications.Dr. Geraniotiss research has been in communication theory, information theory and their applications with emphasis on wireless communications. His recent work focuses on data modulation, error control coding, multi-user detection and interference cancellation, array processing for receive and transmit diversity, retransmission techniques and multi-access protocols for wireless spread-spectrum and anti-jam communications. The algorithms are applied to cellular, mobile, PCS, fixed wireless, satellite but also to optical, copper-loop and cable networks. He has also worked on multi-media and mixed-media integration and switching for radio and optical neworks as well as on interception, feature-detection, and classification of signals, radar detection and multi-sensor data fusion.He is co-author of the book CDMA: Access and Switching for Terrestrial and Satellite Networks, Joh Wiley, New York, Feb 2001 and and over 300 technical papers in journals and conference proceedings. He serves regularly as a consultant in the above areas for governmental and industrial clients. Dr. Geraniotis has served as Editor for Spread-Spectrum of the IEEE Transactions on Communications from 1989 to 1992.Hany ElGamal was born in Egypt. He obtained his BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of Kairo, Egypt. From September 1999 to December 2002 he was a graduate assistant at the Dept of Electrical Engineering and the Institute of Systems Research of the University of Maryland, College Park, MD. His research interests are in information theory and communication theosry with applications to spread-spectrum systems, interference cancellation, coding and trasmit diversity.     

A demand assignment system for mobile users in a community ofinterest

The paper presents a high performance wireless access and switching system for interconnecting mobile users in a community of interest. Radio channel and time slot assignments are made on user demand, while the switch operations are controlled by a scheduling algorithm designed to maximize utilization of system resources and optimize performance. User requests and assignments are carried over a low-capacity control channel, while user information is transmitted over the traffic channels. The proposed system resolves both the multiple access and the switching problems and allows a direct connection between the mobile end users. The system also provides integration of voice and data traffic in both the access link and the switching equipment. The “movable boundary” approach is used to achieve dynamic sharing of the channel capacity between the voice calls and the data packets. Performance analysis based on a discrete time Markov model, carried out for the case of optimum scheduling yields call blocking probabilities and data packet delays. Performance results indicate that data packets may be routed via the exchange node with limited delays, even with heavy load of voice calls. Also the authors have proposed scheduling algorithms that may be used in implementing this system     

Performance of a Dynamic TDMA System for Mobile Wireless Access

A dynamic TDMA system can utilize voice activityand allow the integration of voice and data traffic.This can be achieved by allocating frequency channelsand time slots on demand. In this approach, upon the arrival of a talkspurt or a data packet,the base station is requested to assign a time slot foreach transmission. Message requests and assignments ofmobile users are carried over a Control channel, while the voice and traffic are transmittedover a Traffic channel. Time slot assignments are madefrom a pool of Traffic channels. A numberof slots in the pool will be shared by voice and data, with voice having priority over data, andthe remaining will be used by data only. Voice slots arereserved for the duration of the talkspurt whereas datapackets are assigned on a per-slot basis. Data packets can be buffered whereas voicetraffic can only tolerate limited delay beyond whichtalkspurts will be clipped off. The Control channeluplink access is based on Slotted Aloha so that mobile users have autonomous access to base stations.This paper presents the performance of the dynamic TDMAsystem outlined here. The analysis aims at assessing thecapacity gained by using voice activity and voice/data integration, in terms of theimpairments introduced to voice quality (e.g., speechclipping and/or delay) and the delays to data packets.The analysis has been based on a discrete time Markov model operating on a frame-by-frame basis thatprovides the joint distribution of the number of activevoice and data users in the system. The analysis alsoevaluates the delays of message requests via the uplink control channel. In evaluating theclipping probability, we combine the impact of both theaccess delays at the control channel as well as theunavailability of time slots in the pool. Performance results indicate that the capacity gain mayexceed 80% and the speech clipping can be kept below 1%.Also, data packets may be transmitted with limiteddelays even when all capacity is allocated for voice users. The proposed approach may be used toenhance the capacity of the existing TDMA cellularsystems and to provide integration of voice and dataservices.     

Demand assignment control in a satellite switched CDMA network

The Satellite Switched Code Division Multiple Access (SS/CDMA) is a system proposed for geostationary satellite fixed service communications and provides both multiple access and switching to a multibeam satellite. Multiple access is achieved by space, frequency and code division while the switching function is based on code division methods. In this article, we present an overview of the system architecture, focus on the demand assignment control mechanism and describe the call control operation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A code-division switch architecture for satellite applications

This paper introduces a code-division methodology into switching applications. The proposed method is applied in satellite-switched code-division multiple-access (SS/CDMA) systems for routing CDMA traffic channels on board the multibeam satellites. We present code-division switch (CDS) architectures, analyze the CDS performance, and assess its complexity. The CDS has been shown to route CDMA user channels without introducing interference. The proposed CDS architecture is nonblocking, and its hardware complexity and speed are proportional to the size of the switch. We also examine the amplitude distribution of the combined signal in the CDS bus and the interference evaluation of the end-to-end link in the proposed applications. Then we consider the problem of switch control under an optimum or a random algorithm and compare its complexity with the equivalent problem in time-multiplexed switching methods     

A Time Reuse Capture Access (TRCA) Protocol for PCS and Wireless ATM Applications

The Time Reuse Capture Access (TRCA) protocol isa medium access control protocol appropriate forpersonal communications and wireless AsynchronousTransfer Mode (ATM) applications. It is based on time reuse rather than frequency reuse. Frequencychannels are reused in every cell (frequency reuse one).Each FDMA channel has a TDMA frame structure. The numberof slots in the frame is equal to the time reuse factor and each slot is assigned to aspecific cell in the reuse cluster. Each mobile usertransmits in its assigned frequency channel and TDMAtime slot which corresponds to the cell it currently belongs. The protocol also exploits the powercapture phenomenon in which simultaneous transmissionsof users in adjacent cells may be successfully received.Two possible applications of the proposed TRCA protocol are considered in this paper. In thefirst application, TRCA is used for random packet accessin wireless personal communication. Users transmit theirpackets using the assigned and non-assigned time slots to take advantage of the effect ofcapture and non-uniform traffic loads. The portion oftransmissions that takes place in each time slot iscontrolled so that the overall throughput is maximized. In the second application, TRCA is used forreliable transmission of ATM cell over a wirelesschannel. The proposed protocol allows the transmissionof continuous bit rate (CBR) ATM cells over a wireless link so that bit error rate (BER) and delayrequirements are met. Transmissions take place in theassigned time slots but the non-assigned time slots canbe used for re-transmission if the previous transmission was unsuccessful.