MPEG-2 over ATM for video dial tone networks: issues and strategies

Market growth for PC multimedia and digital video owes largely to the rapid adoption of ISO compression standards by the industry. For video dial tone (VDT) services, the MPEG-2 set of standards have clearly emerged as the preferred coding method for VDT networks. For point-to-point switched video or multimedia connections, ATM has emerged as the technology of choice for switching and transport. This article describes how compressed digital video is transported over a VDT network, what some of the issues are, and how they are being addressed by the industry. It describes a generic VDT reference architecture, and the delivery method of video and multimedia information over such a network     

Linear Programming Formulation for Strategic Dynamic Traffic Assignment

This work introduces a novel formulation of system optimal dynamic traffic assignment that captures strategic route choice in users under demand uncertainty. We define strategic route choice to be that users choose a path prior to knowing the true travel demand which will be experienced (therefore users consider the full set of possible demand scenarios). The problem is formulated based on previous work by Ziliaskopoulos (Transp Sci 34(1):37–49, 2000). The resulting novel formulation requires substantial enhancement to account for path-based flows and scenario-based stochastic demands. Further, a numerical demonstration is presented on a network with different demand loading profiles. Finally, model complexity, implications on scalability and future research directions are discussed.     

Spacer defined FinFET: Active area patterning of sub-20 nm fins with high density

We present a method to obtain Si-fins with a critical dimension (CD) below 20 nm, separated by a minimum distance of 25 nm and connected by a common source/drain (S/D) pad. The method comprises of recursive spacer defined patterning to quadruple the line density of a 350 nm pitch resist pattern defined by 193 nm lithography. Spacer defined patterning is combined with resist based patterning to simultaneously define fins and S/D pads in a Silicon on Insulator (SOI) film. CD and Line Width Roughness (LWR) analysis was done on top down SEM images taken in a center die and in an edge die of a 200 mm wafer. The average CD is 17 nm in the center of the wafer and 18 nm at the edge. The LWR is 3 nm for both center and edge. Additional process steps to remove etch damage and round the top corner of the fin (i.e. oxidation followed by H₂ anneal) further reduce the CD to 13 nm.     

The Content Driven Mobile Internet

The development of future mobile networks will be driven, in large part, by content and web based services. In this paper, we examine several performance, scalability and architectural challenges faced by future mobile web applications and how advanced mobile content delivery techniques can address these challenges. We review existing content delivery using a taxonomy that consists of three categories: network scaling, end system acceleration, and content and protocol optimization. While wireline content delivery focuses on network and server scalability, mobile content delivery will likely benefit most from optimizing radio link usage. We also present our ongoing work in this area, which extends the functionality of edge caching to the terminal, uses user interest correlation information to maintain low terminal power consumption and adds a new dimension to radio resource management. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A novel delay-aware routing algorithm (DARA) for a hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN)

A hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is a promising architecture for future access networks. Recently, the WOBAN has been gaining increasing attention, and early versions are being deployed as municipal access solutions. This architecture saves on network deployment cost because fiber need not penetrate to each end user. However, a major research opportunity exists in developing an efficient routing algorithm for the wireless front-end of the WOBAN. We propose and investigate the characteristics of the delay-aware routing algorithm (DARA) that minimizes the average packet delay in the wireless front-end of a WOBAN. In DARA we model wireless routers as queues and predict wireless link states periodically. Our performance studies show that DARA achieves less delay and congestion, and improved load balancing compared to traditional approaches such as the minimum-hop routing algorithm, shortest-path routing algorithm, and predictive throughput routing algorithm.     

Dynamic bandwidth allocation for quality-of-service over Ethernet PONs

Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON) technology is being considered as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access networks due to the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructures. A major feature for this new architecture is the use of a shared transmission media between all users; hence, medium access control arbitration mechanisms are essential for the successful implementation of EPON: i.e., to ensure a contention-free transmission and provide end users with equal access to the shared media. We propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users. These DBA algorithms are also augmented to support differentiated services, a crucial requirement for a converged broadband access network with heterogeneous traffic. We show that queueing delays under strict bandwidth allocation algorithms result in an unexpected behavior for certain traffic classes, and we suggest the use of DBA with appropriate local queue management to alleviate this inappropriate behavior. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.     

Gain Enhancement of Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna for 5G Applications Using Metamaterial

The proposed system portrays the application space examination of a diverse cryptosystem processor with dynamic reconfiguration abilities. It is appropriate to a variety of signal processing application domains namely telecommunications, image processing, video coding and cryptographic processing. To differentiate between application spaces of the processor, the performance is correlated with cutting edge devices, taking ability to program, energy efficiency and computational potential as the important factors. In general the conventional method of computation is processed by means of Virtual Secure Circuit (VSC) on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and performance of the device Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) after implementation is analyzed in terms of delay and throughput. In the conventional method area overhead and power consumption are less where as the architecture lags in performance and throughput. It has been overcome through the fully parallel pipelined Architecture of the VSC on AES which outperforms the existing method in terms of performance and throughput. The energy efficiency and performance are considerably more important than processor that are used for general purpose, while still preserving a Convenient approach of programming that mainly bank on software oriented languages. The exploit of VSC based AES is to formulate the cryptographic processor held against Side Channel Attacks like attacks based on power supply and electromagnetic signals. Then the experimental result shows the promising outcomes when compared to previous methods.

     

Cedrus oil—A promising storage fungitoxicant

Seeds of two spices Coriandrum sativum and Foeniculum vulgare, were dressed separately with essential oil of Cedrus deodara as well as with five synthetic fungicides viz., phenylmercury acetate, 2-methoxyethyl mercury chloride, copper oxychloride, mancozeb and wettable sulphur. Treated seeds were stored in polythene bags for 12 months. On mycofloral analysis, the oil had checked the appearance of ten fungi, Absidia sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ruber, A. versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, and Paecilomyces variotii on the seeds of C. sativum, and seven fungi, Absidia sp., A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ruber, A. versicolor, and Rhizopus spp., on the seeds of F. vulgare. The oil proved to be more effective than the synthetic fungicides. Further, the oil did not show any adverse effect on seed germination and seedling growth of both spices.     

A look at the video dial-tone network

As organisations with information to sell implement an array of multimedia services for the home, others, too, are hard at work. Telephone companies, as well as cable operators, are busy developing broadband intelligent networks to underpin those broadcast and interactive offerings. The phone companies define their network as a common-carrier transport service, in that it grants equal access to all information providers, including themselves, and enables consumers to "dial up" video or multimedia applications offered by third parties. This kind of service has become known as a video dial-tone network. The user first gets a menu from the network provider. He or she then picks an information provider, which sends its own interactive menu of services to the customer