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排序方式: 共有69条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
W. Klas U. Herpers M. Reich R. Michel R. Droste R. Holm E.-M. Horn G. Müller 《工业材料与腐蚀》1991,42(11):570-575
The radiotracer technique as a means to investigate the corrosion of zirconium, tantalum, and a Ta-40Nb alloy in fluoride containing azeotropic nitric acid Zirconium and tantalum as well as the tantalum 40% niobium alloy are of considerable technical importance due to their high corrosion resistance against numerous corrosive media. With respect to corrosion testing in analytically pure azeotropic nitric acid in the temperature range between 20 and 121°C, corrosion rates were determined for zirconium: 7 · 10?6 to 5 · 10?4 mm/y, for tantalum: 10?8 to 4 · 10?6 mm/y, and for the Ta-40Nb alloy: 2 · 10?7 to 8 · 10?6 mm/y [1]. These corrosion rates will be markedly increased by adding small amounts of fluorides or by fluoride impurities. The radiotracer method after neutron activation was applied to determine the corrosion rates in azeotropic fluoride containing nitric acid. Even minute additions of fluorides strongly affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium. In the range between 0.15 and 10 ppm F? and at a temperature of 108°C, corrosion rates between 5.3 · 10?3 and 3.1 mm/y were measured. It was impossible to establish a limit for the fluoride concentration, below which the corrosion rate of zirconium will not be adversely influenced. The corrosion rates of tantalum and the Ta-40Nb alloy are considerably increasing above a fluoride concentration of 10 ppm. The highest corrosion rates measured were between 8.4 · 10?3 mm/y at 50°C/280 ppm F? and 1.4 · 10?2 mm/y at 110°C/320 ppm F?. Within the range of this investigation, the corrosion resistance of tantalum was higher than that of the Ta-40Nb alloy by one order of magnitude. The corrosion resistance of zirconium and tantalum was not influenced by any treatment of the samples before testing. 相似文献
2.
During the last years, weighted timed automata have received much interest in the real-time community. Weighted timed automata form an extension of timed automata and allow us to assign weights (costs) to both locations and edges. This model, introduced by Alur et al. (2001) and Behrmann et al. (2001), permits the treatment of continuous consumption of resources and has led to much research on scheduling problems, optimal reachability and model checking. Also, several authors have derived Kleene-type characterizations of (unweighted) timed automata and their accepted timed languages. The goal of this paper is to provide a characterization of the behaviours of weighted timed automata by rational power series. We define weighted timed automata with weights taken in an arbitrary semiring, resulting in a model that subsumes several weighted timed automata concepts of the literature. For our main result, we combine the methods of Schützenberger, a recent approach for a Kleene-type theorem for unweighted timed automata by Bouyer and Petit as well as new techniques. Our main result also implies Kleene-type theorems for several subclasses of weighted timed automata investigated before, e.g., for timed automata and timed automata with stopwatch observers. 相似文献
3.
Formal power series over non-commuting variables have been investigated as representations of the behavior of automata with
multiplicities. Here we introduce and investigate the concepts of aperiodic and of star-free formal power series over semirings
and partially commuting variables. We prove that if the semiring K is idempotent and commutative, or if K is idempotent and the variables are non-commuting, then the product of any two aperiodic series is again aperiodic. We also
show that if K is idempotent and the matrix monoids over K have a Burnside property (satisfied, e.g. by the tropical semiring), then the aperiodic and the star-free series coincide.
This generalizes a classical result of Schützenberger (Inf. Control 4:245–270, 1961) for aperiodic regular languages and subsumes a result of Guaiana et al. (Theor. Comput. Sci. 97:301–311, 1992) on aperiodic trace languages.
This work partly supported by the DAAD-PROCOPE project Temporal and Quantitative Analysis of Distributed Systems. 相似文献
4.
Randomized search heuristics like local search, tabu search, simulated
annealing, or all kinds of evolutionary algorithms have many applications. However,
for most problems the best worst-case expected run times are achieved by more
problem-specific algorithms. This raises the question about the limits of general
randomized search heuristics. Here a framework called black-box optimization is developed. The essential
issue is that the problem but not the problem instance is knownto the algorithm which
can collect information about the instance only by asking for the value of points in the
search space. All known randomized search heuristics fit into this scenario. Lower
bounds on the black-box complexity of problems are derived without complexity
theoretical assumptions and are compared with upper bounds in this scenario. 相似文献
5.
DG Nabavi DW Droste G Schulte-Altedorneburg V Kemény M Panzica S Weber EB Ringelstein 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,66(10):466-473
AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the potential and limitations of echocontrast enhancement using Levovist in a non selected consecutive cohort of neurological patients with insufficient native ultrasound investigations. METHODS: In 91 patients an indication for echocontrast application was seen after an insufficient extracranial (n = 17), transtemporal (n = 54), and transforaminal (n = 20) Doppler- und color-coded Duplex sonography. Levovist was injected at a concentration of 400 mg/ml and 200-400 mg/ml for the transcranial and extracranial approach, respectively. The effect of the echocontrast enhancement was assessed semiquantitatively with respect to signal enhancement, imaging quality, and diagnostic confidence. RESULTS: In a total of 83 patients (91%) the signal enhancement led to a moderate to high imaging quality allowing to reach 67 definite neurovascular diagnoses (74%). In subgroup analysis, the amount of sufficiently confident examinations was significantly higher for the transtemporal and transforaminal (both 80%) than for the extracranial approach (47%). The latter was mostly due to artificial signals derived from adjacent neck vessels. CONCLUSION: Levovist constitutes a safe and highly effective diagnostic tool especially for the transtemporal and transforaminal neurosonographical imaging. By means of a differentiated application of echocontrast agents, its cost-effectiveness can be increased and the need for other potential invasive and expansive neuroimaging methods can be further reduced. 相似文献
6.
We investigate finite-state systems with weights. Departing from the classical theory, in this paper the weight of an action does not only depend on the state of the system, but also on the time when it is executed; this reflects the usual human evaluation practices in which later events are considered less urgent and carry less weight than close events. We first characterize the terminating behaviors of such systems in terms of rational formal power series. This generalizes a classical result of Schützenberger. 相似文献
7.
This paper deals with complex structures consisting of several parts of shell structures which are connected by prestressed screw joints. Since the stress component normal to the midsurface of the shell is assumed to be zero, the contact between the shell midsurfaces is approached by a special one-dimensional contact element which links the midsurfaces pointwise at the positions where the screws are attached. The contact model consists of a prestrained truss element simulating the elastic behavior of the prestrained grip of the bolt and of an equivalent beam/truss element imitating the contact behavior of the flanges to be joined. The parameters of these elements are obtained from the three-dimensional finite-element analysis of a single prestrained screw joint with consideration of the real contact problem. 相似文献
8.
DW Droste T Hansberg V Kemény D Hammel G Schulte-Altedorneburg DG Nabavi M Kaps HH Scheld EB Ringelstein 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,28(12):2453-2456
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinically silent circulating microemboli can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography. The composition of these emboli in different clinical conditions is unclear. METHODS: We performed 1-hour transcranial Doppler sonographic recordings from the middle cerebral or posterior cerebral artery in 20 patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves, in 78 patients with an arterial embolic source, and in 20 control subjects. During 30 minutes of this recording, the patients inspired room air and 6 L of oxygen per minute via a loosely fitting facial mask; during the remaining 30 minutes, they breathed room air only. RESULTS: There was a significant decline of embolic signals (ES) under oxygen in the patients with mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves (144 ES without oxygen versus 63 ES with oxygen; P = .002) but not in the patients with arterial embolic sources (145 ES without oxygen versus 135 ES with oxygen; P = NS). In the control subjects, no ES were found. CONCLUSIONS: ES in patients with mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves correspond mainly to gas bubbles. Oxygen inhibits the cavitation process of mechanical prosthetic heart valves or speeds up redissolution of gas bubbles generated by cavitation. In contrast, solid microemboli originating from thrombus or atheroma cannot be suppressed by oxygen inhalation. This simple method of oxygen inhalation should help to clarify the composition of microemboli in various clinical and experimental settings. 相似文献
9.
Matthias Droste Antti Jrvenp Matias Jaskari Mykhaylo Motylenko Anja Weidner Pentti Karjalainen Horst Biermann 《Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures》2021,44(1):43-62
Different grain sizes were created in a metastable 17Cr‐7Mn‐7Ni steel by martensite‐to‐austenite reversion at different temperatures using a laser beam. Two fully reverted material states obtained at 990°C and 780°C exhibited average grain sizes of 7.7 and 2.7 μm, respectively. The third microstructure (610°C) consisted of grains at different stages of recrystallization and deformed austenite. A hot‐pressed, coarse‐grained counterpart was studied for reference. The yield and tensile strengths increased with refined grain size, maintaining reasonable elongation except for the heterogeneous microstructure. Total strain‐controlled fatigue tests revealed increasing initial stress amplitudes but decreasing cyclic hardening and fatigue‐induced α′‐martensite formation with decreasing grain size. Fatigue life was slightly improved for the 2.7‐μm grain size. Contrary, the heterogeneous microstructure yielded an inferior lifetime, especially at high strain amplitudes. Examinations of the cyclically deformed microstructure showed that the characteristic deformation band structure was less pronounced in refined grains. 相似文献
10.