A secure cookie scheme

Cookies are the primary means for web applications to authenticate HTTP requests and to maintain client states. Many web applications (such as those for electronic commerce) demand a secure cookie scheme. Such a scheme needs to provide the following four services: authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and anti-replay. Several secure cookie schemes have been proposed in previous literature; however, none of them are completely satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a secure cookie scheme that is effective, efficient, and easy to deploy. In terms of effectiveness, our scheme provides all of the above four security services. In terms of efficiency, our scheme does not involve any database lookup or public key cryptography. In terms of deployability, our scheme can be easily deployed on existing web services, and it does not require any change to the Internet cookie specification. We implemented our secure cookie scheme using PHP and conducted experiments. The experimental results show that our scheme is very efficient on both the client side and the server side.A notable adoption of our scheme in industry is that our cookie scheme has been used by Wordpress since version 2.4. Wordpress is a widely used open source content management system.     

Home Automation Using Augmented Reality (HAAR)

Wireless Personal Communications - The development of Smart Home Controllers has seen rapid growth in recent years, especially for smart devices, that can utilize the Internet of Things (IoT)....     

Hop chains: Secure routing and the establishment of distinct identities

We present a secure routing protocol that is immune to Sybil attacks and that can tolerate collusion of Byzantine routers. It can tolerate either initial collusion of Byzantine routers or runtime collusion of non-adjacent Byzantine routers, both in the absence of runtime collusion between adjacent routers. For these settings, the calculated distance from a destination to a node is not smaller than the actual shortest distance from the destination to the node. The protocol can also simultaneously tolerate initial collusion of Byzantine routers and runtime collusion of adjacent Byzantine routers but in the absence of runtime collusion between non-adjacent routers. For this setting, it guarantees a bound on the difference between the calculated distance and the actual shortest distance. The bound depends on the number of Byzantine routers on a path. The protocol makes very weak timing assumptions and requires synchronization only between neighbors or second neighbors. We propose to use this protocol for secure localization of routers using hop-count distances, which can be then used as a proof of identity of nodes.     

Selective Recovery of Cadmium,Cobalt, and Nickel from Spent Ni–Cd Batteries Using Adogen® 464 and Mesoporous Silica Derivatives

Spent Ni–Cd batteries are now considered an important source for many valuable metals. The recovery of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel from spent Ni–Cd Batteries has been performed in this study. The optimum leaching process was achieved using 20% H₂SO₄, solid/liquid (S/L) 1/5 at 80 °C for 6 h. The leaching efficiency of Fe, Cd, and Co was nearly 100%, whereas the leaching efficiency of Ni was 95%. The recovery of the concerned elements was attained using successive different separation techniques. Cd(II) ions were extracted by a solvent, namely, Adogen^® 464, and precipitated as CdS with 0.5% Na₂S solution at pH of 1.25 and room temperature. The extraction process corresponded to pseudo-2nd-order. The prepared PTU-MS silica was applied for adsorption of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution, while the desorption process was performed using 0.3 M H₂SO₄. Cobalt was precipitated at pH 9.0 as Co(OH)₂ using NH₄OH. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also investigated. Nickel was directly precipitated at pH 8.25 using a 10% NaOH solution at ambient temperature. FTIR, SEM, and EDX confirm the structure of the products.     

Corrosion inhibition of steel by hydrazine

The corrosion inhibition of steel in a closed system containing hydrazine at room temperature has been established. The steady-state potential measurements as well as weight loss measurements agree in indicating that hydrazine was found to behave in a similar manner to anodic inhibitors. A sharp ennoblement of potential occurs at concentration of 10^?2M accompanied by complete protection. The mechanism of inhibition by hydrazine is assumed to be due to its preferential adsorption on the local anodes inducing anodic polarization. After a certain critical concentration of hydrazine is reached complete blocking of the pores occurs which causes complete inhibition. For hydrazine-sulphate or hydrazine-chloride mixtures, a linear relationship is found between log hydrazine concentration and log maximum tolerated concentration of the aggressive ion. For hydrazine-sulphide mixtures, a concentration of 5 × 10^?2M hydrazine could tolerate a wide range of concentrations of sulphide ions.     

Utility of solid phase spectrophotometry for the modified determination of trace amounts of cadmium in food samples

A modified selective, highly sensitive and accurate procedure for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium which reacts with 1-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid (BTAHNA) to give a deep violet complex with high molar absorptivity (7.05 × 10⁶ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, 3.92 × 10⁷ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, 1.78 × 10⁸ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, and 4.10 × 10⁸ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹), fixed on a Dowex 1-X8 type anion-exchange resin for 10 mL, 100 mL, 500 mL, and 1000 mL, respectively. Calibration is linear over the range 0.2-3.5 μg L⁻¹ with RSD of ?1.14% (n = 10). The detection and quantification limits were calculated. Increasing the sample volume can enhance the sensitivity. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of Cd(II) in food samples, water samples and some salts samples without interfering effect of various cations and anions.     

Corrosion inhibition of reinforcing steel by using hydrazine hydrate

The effectiveness of hydrazine hydrate as a corrosion inhibitor for reinforcing steel in alkaline media (lime water) has been investigated. It has been found that the critical concentration for inhibition increases with the increase of the aggressive ion concentration. The mechanism of the corrosion inhibition was discussed in terms of competitive adsorption between the aggressive ion and hydrazine at relatively low concentrations of hydrazine. Higher concentrations of hydrazine caused instantaneous passivation of the steel even more readily than that obtained in pure lime water.     

Corrosion inhibition of steel by sodium sulphite

The corrosion inhibition of steel in a closed system containing sodium sulphite at room temperature has been established. Steady-state potential as well as weight loss measurements indicated that sodium sulphite did not only remove O₂ from the solution but also brought complete cathodic protection. It was found also that sodium sulphite could tolerate the presence of Cl^?, SO₄^2? and S^2?. In case of sulphite—sulphate or sulphite—chloride mixtures a concentration of 5 × 10^?3M Na₂SO₃ was required to tolerate a wide range of concentration of these aggressive ions. A linear relationship was found between log sulphite concentration and log maximum tolerated concentration of sulphide.