Cerebral malaria

There is no established protocol for selection among the different retentive material-attachment combinations for clasps other than tradition or laboratory preference. Various wrought-wire, cast-metal, and thermoplastic materials were subjected to several fabrication procedures and tested in a custom-designed force displacement apparatus. The wrought wires included ADA Spec. No. 7 type I and type II alloys and other precious and nonprecious alloys. A graphic means was devised to allow the rational selection of wrought-wire clasp-arm combinations for placing clasps on canine and premolar teeth. Guidelines for using straight wire data for curved wire applications are indicated.     

Copper bioavailability from breakfasts containing tea. Influence of the addition of milk

The influence of drinking tea on copper bioavailability is unclear, particularly when tea is consumed with food. A breakfast meal containing white bread, margarine, strawberry jam, cheese and tea, with or without milk, was digested in; vitro and the dialysis of copper investigated. Reference breakfasts were prepared with water and water with milk. Copper dialysability (percentage of copper dialysed) was markedly increased by tea. The influence of adding milk to tea was not significant. A second study was carried out in rats using the breakfasts containing tea and water. They were spiked with ⁶⁴Cu and given orally to the animals in a single dose. Whole-body ⁶⁴Cu retention was measured over a 4-day period after administration. In order to determine the true absorption of ⁶⁴Cu a control group of rats received the dose intraperitioneally. The results in vivo indicate a tendency to higher absorption and retention of ⁶⁴Cu with tea. Liver ⁶⁴Cu retention was significantly elevated by tea. Therefore, the presence of tea in a breakfast meal favours the formation of soluble low-molecular-weight ligands which can be absorbed and retained by rats. The concomitant increase in liver copper retetition may be associated with higher bioavailability and/or lower copper mobilisation.     

Isolation of yeast artificial chromosomes free of endogenous yeast chromosomes: construction of alternate hosts with defined karyotypic alterations

An intrinsic feature of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) is that the cloned DNA is generally in the same size range (i.e., approximately 200-2000 kb) as the endogenous yeast chromosomes. As a result, the isolation of YAC DNA, which typically involves separation by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, is frequently confounded by the presence of a comigrating or closely migrating endogenous yeast chromosome(s). We have developed a strategy that reliably allows the isolation of any YAC free of endogenous yeast chromosomes. Using recombination-mediated chromosome fragmentation, a set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae host strains was systematically constructed. Each strain contains defined alterations in its electrophoretic karyotype, which provide a large-size interval devoid of endogenous chromosomes (i.e., a karyotypic "window"). All of the constructed strains contain the kar1-delta 15 mutation, thereby allowing the efficient transfer of a YAC from its original host into an appropriately selected window strain using the kar1-transfer procedure. This approach provides a robust and efficient means to obtain relatively pure YAC DNA regardless of YAC size.     

AMOLED displays with transfer‐printed integrated circuits

Abstract— Small integrated circuits of crystalline silicon (chiplets) transfer‐printed onto a flat‐panel‐display substrate provide greatly improved electrical performance and uniformity in active‐matrix organic light‐emitting‐diode (OLED) displays. The integrated circuits are formed in high‐performance crystalline silicon using conventional photolithographic processes and then transfer‐printed onto a substrate using a stamp that transfers hundreds or thousands of chiplets at once. The chiplets are connected to an external controller and to pixel elements using conventional photolithographic substrate processing methods. Active‐matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays using transfer‐printed chiplets have good yields, excellent uniformity, and electrical performance and are thermally robust.     

Energy-efficient induction motors performance characteristics andlife-cycle cost comparisons for centrifugal loads

When fixed-speed motors (fed directly at power frequency) are purchased for new installations or for replacements, the loaded shaft speed differences among motor options are either ignored or overestimated. The most common first-cut estimate is that the consumed shaft power will vary as the cube of the ratio of the motor rated nameplate speeds for centrifugal driven loads that have discharge control valves (on pressure or now control). In actuality, this is true only if the motors are loaded at approximately nameplate output. This paper discusses the true “control valve loss” factor taking into account actual speed differences among motor options. A simplified equation and figure are presented to permit quick evaluation of motor purchase alternatives for the lowest life-cycle cost based on efficiency and rated-load speed differences. NEMA standards on slip-speed variation should be made more stringent to increase the validity of speed-difference loss evaluations. Additionally, efficiency test results and loaded speed measurements for standard-efficiency and premium-efficiency 10 and 100 hp motors are presented, leading to a conclusion that standard-efficiency motors should be operated at no higher than rated voltage and that premium-efficiency motors should he operated at 5%-10% above rated voltage for best system efficiency     

Small Scale Separation of Wheat Flour in Starch and Gluten

A system was designed to imitate on a small scale the separation process of wheat into starch and gluten. The system provides information on gluten coagulation, on yields, purity and recovery of gluten and starch, and on losses of soluble protein and other soluble matter in waste water. The performance of the system is demonstrated with the results of the separation of four wheat varieties of different baking quality. Using these results the accuracy, reproducibility and resolution of the system are discussed.     

Inactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Mps1 from the rice blast fungus prevents penetration of host cells but allows activation of plant defense responses

The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, generates enormous turgor pressure within a specialized cell called the appressorium to breach the surface of host plant cells. Here, we show that a mitogen-activated protein kinase, Mps1, is essential for appressorium penetration. Mps1 is 85% similar to yeast Slt2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and can rescue the thermosensitive growth of slt2 null mutants. The mps1-1Delta mutants of M. grisea have some phenotypes in common with slt2 mutants of yeast, including sensitivity to cell-wall-digesting enzymes, but display additional phenotypes, including reduced sporulation and fertility. Interestingly, mps1-1Delta mutants are completely nonpathogenic because of the inability of appressoria to penetrate plant cell surfaces, suggesting that penetration requires remodeling of the appressorium wall through an Mps1-dependent signaling pathway. Although mps1-1Delta mutants are unable to cause disease, they are able to trigger early plant-cell defense responses, including the accumulation of autofluorescent compounds and the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. We conclude that MPS1 is essential for pathogen penetration; however, penetration is not required for induction of some plant defense responses.     

Structure-activity relationships of four 11-hydroxyestrones isomeric at the C-9 and C-11 positions

The synthesis of 11 alpha-hydroxyestrone, 11 alpha-hydroxy-9 beta-estrone, and 11 beta-hydroxy-9 beta-estrone are presented. The reduction of 11-keto-9 beta-estrone 17-ethyleneketal by sodium in ethanol or sodium borohydride resulted in 11-hydroxy-9 beta-estrones. The 11-hydroxyl group configurations were opposite to expectations: sodium in boiling ethanol afforded the axial 11 beta-hydroxy-9 beta-estrone, while sodium borohydride in boiling tetrahydrofuran gave the equatorial 11 alpha-hydroxy-9 beta-estrone. In immature rat uterotropic bioassays using subcutaneous injections, 11 alpha-hydroxyestrone was 2 times as active as 11 alpha-hydroxy-9 beta-estrone, and 11 beta-hydroxyestrone was 10 times as active as 11 beta-hydroxy-9 beta-estrone.     

Learning from the past: Historic Districts and the New Urbanism in the United States

Until recently in the United States, as in many other countries, the past was not considered a usable guide for town planning. This situation has dramatically changed with the advent of scrupulously restored and maintained Historic Districts. The past as interpreted and presented in these has been a major influence on the movement in urban planning and design known as the New Urbanism. A wellknown example of this is Seaside, Florida, where the codes used to define acceptable styles of house design and the relationships of houses to the overall townscape bear close resemblances to the regimes of control that have developed in connection with local Historic Districts. The article draws parallels with writers on town planning earlier in the twentieth century who drew inspiration from the past as depicted in plans and maps. Although the inspiration may now appear to come from actual places, this process of idealization of the past is very similar because Historic Districts themselves are very tidied-up, idealized versions of their pasts and have, in their conceptualization, been influenced by ideas of what is good city form.