Interkulturelle Projektabwicklung — Dampfkraftwerk Neyveli, Indien

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

10 Gbit/s monolithic integrated bipolar demultiplexer for optical-fibre transmission systems fabricated in BICMOS technology

A very-high-speed bipolar multiplexer for optical-fibre transmission systems is described, which operates at up to above 10 Gbit/s. This is the highest operating speed of monolithic integrated demultiplexers reported to date. The circuit was realised in a self-aligning double-polysilicon BICMOS technology with 1.5 mu m lithography.<>     

Network formation by aza‐Michael addition of primary amines to vinyl end groups of enzymatically synthesized poly(glycerol adipate)

A highly efficient approach for the synthesis of polyester‐based networks via aza‐Michael addition of primary amines to α,β‐unsaturated (vinyl) end groups of poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) was achieved. By acylation of PGA with 6‐(Fmoc‐amino)hexanoic acid side chains via Steglich esterification, protected amine‐functionalized PGA was obtained. This was followed by the removal of fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting groups and the synthesis of PGA‐based networks under catalyst‐free conditions. The successful conjugate addition of primary amines to vinyl end groups and network formation were confirmed using ¹³C magic angle spinning NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Network heterogeneity and defects were quantitatively investigated using ¹H double‐quantum NMR spectroscopy. Finally, a hydrogel was prepared with potential biomedical applications.     

24 Gbit/s regenerating demultiplexer IC in silicon bipolar technology

A 1:2 regenerating demultiplexer IC has been realised in an advanced self-aligned silicon bipolar technology using 0.8 mu m lithography. The circuit can be operated up to 24 Gbit/s at 5 V supply voltage. This is by far the highest data rate reported for a demultiplexer in any IC technology.<>     

Influence of transmission-line interconnections betweengigabit-per-second ICs on time jitter and instabilities

The influence of transmission-line interconnections between high-speed ICs on time jitter and oscillations is investigated. Simple but flexible methods for estimating these effects are proposed and proved by measurements and simulations. The estimations are based on small-signal reflection coefficients. Moreover, various line terminations are discussed. A special gigabit-per-second bipolar IC was fabricated for the experiments     

Versatile silicon bipolar XOR gate for signal processing up to 8 Gbit/s

A high-speed XOR gate is described, which is well suited for several applications. The circuit was fabricated with a 1.25 mu m double-polysilicon bipolar technology. It operates up to at least 8 Gbit/s, which is by far the highest operating speed reported so far for bipolar XOR gates.<>     

Fatty Acid Triangulation in Albumins Using a Landmark Spin Label

Several spatial correlations of up to six fatty acid (FA) binding sites in albumins were found by double electron‐electron resonance (DEER). A strategy was used that combines spin‐labeling and spin‐probing techniques in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. This is here achieved by introducing an additional covalent landmark spin (LS) label to the self‐assembled system of EPR‐active, paramagnetic stearic acid derivatives and albumins. Therefore, a cysteine specific, paramagnetic LS that was attached to the albumin surface at a unique position (Cys34) provides a fixed topological reference point for monitoring statistical ligand uptake. We propose that the determination of nanoscale distance distributions emerging between the LS and EPR‐active fatty acid derivatives generally allows for the direct observation of individually occupied binding sites in solution. Essentially, several binding pockets, groups of them and evidence for ligand‐induced allosteric modulation can be traced from such FA‐LS interspin correlations. Experimental results were substantiated with theoretical predictions from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It was observed that all binding sites in an albumin ensemble may be statistically filled even at the lowest level of ligand loading. This approach generally bears the potential for mapping occupation states of individual ligand binding sites in proteins using such spin‐labeled ligands.     

25 Gbit/s decision circuit, 34 Gbit/s multiplexer, and 40 Gbit/s demultiplexer IC in selective epitaxial Si bipolar technology

A 25 Gbit/s decision circuit, a 34 Gbit/s multiplexer, and a 40 Gbit/s demultiplexer IC have been realised with selective epitaxial silicon bipolar technology using 0.8 mu m lithography. The data rates achieved are the highest values reported for these types of circuit in any IC technology.<>     

Gender-related consequences of Internet use perceived by parents in a representative quota sample of adolescents

Only few studies have investigated gender differences in consequences of adolescent Internet use in a general population sample. In this study, we surveyed a representative German quota sample of N=1744 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years and their caregivers with standardised questionnaires. Parents’ reports showed significant differences between male and female youth in 8 out of 10 problem areas (summarised in a ‘difficulties index’, Cronbach's alpha=0.89) caused by adolescent Internet use. According to parents’ assessment, male adolescents neglected school obligations and friendships outside the Internet more frequently than female adolescents. Compared to girls, boys spent more time and money using the Internet, regarded media use as more important, set wrong priorities in selecting online content, and rather ran into cost traps or legal consequences. More parents of boys than of girls observed adverse effects on adolescents’ physical and mental development. Both parents and adolescents consistently reported excessive media use more frequently for boys. By conducting a multiple linear regression analysis for the full sample, approximately one-third (34%) of the variance in the ‘difficulties index’ was explained by frequency of excessive Internet use. The results highlight the importance of gender-related analyses regarding the consequences of adolescent Internet use.     

Static frequency dividers for high operating speed (25 GHz, 170 mW) and low power consumption (16 GHz, 8 mW) in selective epitaxial Si bipolar technology

Static frequency dividers have been fabricated in a selective epitaxial bipolar technology using 0.8 mu m lithography. The measured maximum frequency of 25 GHz is the highest value reported for static silicon dividers. Moreover, a 16 GHz low-power version is presented which consumes only 8 mW in the first stage.<>