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1.
The causes of lightning outage are subdivided into direct lightning strokes and induced lightning strokes, which are identified by the characteristics of the lightning overvoltage. In the past, lightning protection devices were directed mainly toward the latter, and attention has been focused on the installation of lightning protection devices, ground wires, and reinforcement of insulators. However, lightning outages continue to occur. Thus it is extremely important to clarify the fault characteristics of lightning surges and to study the effectiveness of various lightning protection devices by considering both direct lightning stroke and induced lightning stroke in order to prevent lightning outage in the future. In this research, the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) has been applied to the direct lightning stroke, and the induced lightning outage analysis program for multiple conductor systems has been applied to the induced lightning stroke to study the effectiveness of lightning protection devices provided by combination of various lightning protection devices. The most effective lightning protection schemes are analyzed and evaluated based on verification tests on the full scale models as well as economic considerations. 相似文献
2.
Tatsuro Kijima Kouji Ohshima Hideo Kise 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1994,59(1):61-65
Racemic amino acid esters were optically resolved via hydrolysis in organic solvents by the catalysis of an industrial alkaline protease, “Alcalase”. The products which were composed mainly of L-amino acids were insoluble and easily separated by filtration. The activity of the enzyme and enantiomeric excess of the products were significantly dependent on the nature of solvent and the water content in the reaction media. Generally, high values of enantiomeric excess were obtained at low water contents. Many natural and unnatural amino acids were resolved by this method. 相似文献
3.
Ten-user truly asynchronous gigabit OCDMA transmission experiment with a 511-chip SSFBG en/decoder 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Hamanaka T. Xu Wang Naoya Wada Nishiki A. Kitayama K. 《Lightwave Technology, Journal of》2006,24(1):95-102
A ten-user truly asynchronous gigabit coherent-optical-code-division-multiple-access (OCDMA) transmission was experimentally demonstrated without using any timing coordination. The enabling technologies are a record-length 511-chip superstructured-fiber-Bragg-grating (SSFBG) en/decoder and a supercontinuum (SC)-based optical-thresholding technique to significantly suppress the signal interference beat noise as well as the multiple-access-interference (MAI) noise. 相似文献
4.
NO
x
reduction with a combination of catalysts, Pd catalyst, NO
x
storage reduction (NSR) catalyst and Cu/ZSM-5 in turn, was investigated to elucidate for the high NO
x
reduction activity of this catalyst combination under oxidative atmosphere with periodic deep rich operation. The catalytic
activity was evaluated using the simulated exhaust gases with periodically fluctuation between oxidative and reductive atmospheres,
and it was found that the NO
x
reduction activity with this catalyst combination was apparently higher than that of the solely accumulation of these individual
activities, which was caused by the additional synergic effect by this combination. The Pd catalyst upstream of the NSR catalyst
improved NO
x
storage ability by NO2 formation under oxidative atmosphere. The stored NO
x
was reduced to NH3 on the NSR catalyst, and the generated NH3 was adsorbed on Cu/ZSM-5 downstream of the NSR catalyst under the reductive atmosphere, and subsequently reacted with NO
x
on the Cu/ZSM-5 under the oxidative atmosphere. 相似文献
5.
Copper was alloyed with small amounts of Al (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mass%) to improve the oxidation resistance. Copper (6 N) and the Cu-Al alloys were oxidized at 773-1173 K in 0.1 MPa oxygen atmosphere after hydrogen annealing at 873 K. Continuous very thin Al2O3 layers were formed on the surface of all Cu-Al dilute alloys during the hydrogen annealing. Oxidation resistance of Cu-Al alloys was improved especially for Cu-2.0Al at 773-973 K, while it decreases on increasing the oxidation temperature. Cu-Al alloys followed the parabolic rate law at 1173 K, but most of other cases do not at and below 1073 K. Oxidation resistance for Cu-Al alloys was found relevant to the maintenance of the thin Al2O3 layer at the Cu2O/Cu-Al alloy interface. 相似文献
6.
Effect of heparin on high glucose induced proliferation and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in normal human mesangial cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhou Qiao-ling Yasumoto Yuichiro Tsukamoto Masatoshi Nozaki Tsuyoshi Sogabe Atsushi Harada Kouji Zhang Yi-xiang Lin Xiao-yan Zhang Yang-de Arima Terukatsu 《中南工业大学学报(英文版)》2005,12(1):359-364
Background The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complex pathophysiological process. Its precise mechanism is not fully
known. In recent years it has been recognized that synthesis of various extracelluar matrix (ECM) components may increase,
and that degradation of ECM may decrease in DN. It was reported heparin could inhibit mesangial cells proliferation in vitro.
The main aim of this study is to explore whether heparin inhibits proliferation of mesangial cells grown in high glucose concentration
and to measure the effect of heparin on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in mesangial cells. Methods The medium contained either low glucose (5 mmol/L) or high glucose (25 mmol/L). The concentrations of heparin in the culture
medium were 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 or 400 μg/mL. A metabolic (WST-1) assay was used to measure mesangial cell proliferation and
Western blot analysis was used to measure MMPs expression of mesangial cells. Results Normal human mesangial cell (NHMC) proliferation was higher in high glucose (HG) medium than in low glucose (LG) medium.
They showed a 1.93 fold expansion after 72 h in high glucose in contrast to a 1.63 fold expansion in low glucose. In the presence
of heparin, mesangial cells proliferation was inhibited, which was more obvious at high glucose concentrations than at low
glucose concentrations. In high glucose, with heparin concentration of 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/mL, the mesangial cells showed
a 0.61 fold, 0.52 fold, 0.52 fold and 0.41 fold reductions in cell number compared to cells grown without heparin. In low
glucose, only concentrations of 200 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL showed reduction in cell number, namely 0.54 fold and 0.45 fold, when
compared to cells grown without heparin. In Western blot analysis, MMP1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 was expressed by mesangial cells expressed in both high and low glucose concentrations, which was more prominent in high
glucose medium. Incubation of heparin further increased expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9. Conclusions This study suggests that glucose can accelerate mesangial cell proliferation while heparin can reduce proliferation, being
more obvious at high glucose concentrations. Higher glucose concentrations led to increased MMP expression, which may take
part in the regulation of mesangial matrix synthesis and degradation. Addition of heparin resulted in a corresponding increase
in MMP expression, most notably at high glucose concentrations, indicating a potentially renoprotective role in DN.
Foundation item: Project (30370663) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 相似文献
7.
Urushihara Kouji; Wheeler Daniel S.; Pine?o Oskar; Miller Ralph R. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2005,31(2):184
Three conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats investigated superconditioning. In each experiment, alternate exposures of 2 flavor compounds with a common element (i.e., AB/AS) were administered to establish an inhibitory relationship between the 2 unique elements, B and S, and prior to testing, S was paired with lithium chloride (LiCl). In Experiment 1, pairings of a neutral cue (X) with S in compound with B after the AB/AS exposures resulted in superconditioning between X and S. Extinction of the common element (A) just before the S-LiCl pairing attenuated both the inhibitory relationship between B and S (Experiment 2) and superconditioning between X and S (Experiment 3). These observations suggest that superconditioning consists of enhanced performance rather than enhanced associative acquisition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Urushihara Kouji; Wheeler Daniel S.; Miller Ralph R. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,30(4):283
Effects of outcome-alone pretraining and posttraining exposure were investigated in conditioned suppression experiments conducted within a sensory preconditioning preparation with rats. Experiment 1 found that interference by outcome postexposure was stronger than that by outcome preexposure, suggesting a recency effect. Experiment 2 found that after a long retention interval, outcome preexposure produced more interference than outcome postexposure, suggesting a shift from recency to primacy with increasing retention interval. Experiment 3 showed that presentation of a priming stimulus that had been embedded within the earlier phase of treatment also caused a shift from recency to primacy. These results suggest that, at least in a sensory preconditioning paradigm, retrievability of outcome-alone exposure memory is an important determinant of any outcome-alone exposure effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
Yoshinori Nishiki Koichi Aoki Koichi Tokuda Hiroaki Matsuda 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》1987,17(1):67-76
On the basis of the observation of gas bubbles evolved by electrolysis, a two-dimensional vertical model cell composed of electrodes with open parts for releasing gas bubbles to the back side is proposed. The model cell consists of two layers. One layer forms a bubble curtain with a maximum volume fraction of gas bubbles in the vicinity of the working electrode with open parts. The other. being located out of the bubble layer, is a convection layer with a small volume fraction distributed in the vertical direction under forced convection conditions. The cell resistance and the current distribution were computed by the finite element method when resistivity in the back side varied in the vertical direction along the cell. The following three cases for overpotential were considered: no overpotential, overpotential of the linear type and overpotential of the Butler-Volmer type. It was found that the cell resistance was determined not only by the interelectrode gap but also by the percentage of open area and in some cases by the superficial surface area. The cell resistance varied only slightly with the distribution of the bubble layer in the back side.Nomenclature
b
linear overpotential coefficient given byb=/i
-
C
proportionality constant given by Equation 15
-
d
1
distance between front side of working electrode and separator
-
d
2
thickness of separator
-
F
Faraday constant
-
I
total current per half pitch
-
i
current density at working electrode
-
i
0
exchange current density
-
L
length of a real electrolysis cell
-
n
number of electrons transferred in electrode reaction
-
O
p
percentage of open area given by Equation 1
-
p
pitch, i.e. twice the length of the unit cell, defined by 2(BC) in Fig. 4
-
q
thickness of bubble curtain, defined by (AM) in Fig. 4
-
R
gas constant
-
r
t
total cell resistance
-
r
unit-cell resistance defined by (V – V
eq)/I
-
r
rs
residue ofr from sum ofr
0 andr
-
r
0
ohmic resistance of solution when0
p=0
-
r
resistance due to overpotential when0
p=0
-
s
electrode surface ratio or superficial surface area given by Equation 2 for the present model
-
T
absolute temperature
-
t
thickness of working electrode defined by EF in Fig. 4
-
V
cell voltage
-
V
eq
open circuit potential difference between working and counter electrodes
-
solution velocity in cell
- 0
solution velocity at bottom of cell
-
w
width of working electrode, defined by 2(DE) in Fig. 4
-
x
abscissa located on cell model
-
y
ordinate located on cell model
-
anodic transfer coefficient
-
linear overpotential kinetic parameter defined byb/[bc(p/2)]
- d
infinitesimally small length on the boundary
-
volume fraction of gas bubbles in cell
-
dimensionless cell voltage defined bynF(V – V
eq)/RT
-
overpotential at working electrode
-
Butler-Volmer overpotential kinetic parameter defined by [nFi
0bc(p/2)]/RT
-
coordinate perpendicular to boundary of model cell
- 1
resistivity of bubble-free solution
- 2
resistivity of separator
- bc
resistivity of bubble curtain
-
potential in cell 相似文献
10.
Hyunjeong Kim Kouji Sakaki Itoko Saita Hirotoshi Enoki Kazuo Noguchi Akihiko Machida Tetsu Watanuki Yumiko Nakamura 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
The effect of the vanadium content on the cyclic stability of V–Ti binary alloys was investigated. V1−xTix, x = 0.2 and 0.5 samples were hydrogenated and dehydrogenated at 410 K and 553 K respectively, for more than 100 times. During hydrogen cycling, reduction in the reversible hydrogen storage capacity was clearly observed from both samples. No prominent V-effect was found. In fact, the reduction rates of two samples were similar; both samples showed a ∼25% reduction in the reversible hydrogen storage capacity after 100 cycles. In addition, the shape of the pressure–composition-isotherm (PCT) curves was significantly altered over the testing cycle period; the absorption and desorption plateaus got markedly inclined and the hysteresis became evidently smaller. We found that even after the hydrogen storage capacity of V1−xTix was significantly reduced, at low enough temperature V1−xTix was able to absorb hydrogen as much as it did at the first cycle. Furthermore, the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of V0.8Ti0.2 at 410 K was recovered to a certain degree after hydrogenating the sample at low temperatures. 相似文献