A study of knowledge engineering tools in power engineeringapplications

This paper presents a global view of knowledge engineering (KE) applications in the field of power systems. In particular, it investigates the choice of commercially available KE tools used in projects of power system analysis, design, operation and planning. The initial viewpoint of the study was to uncover the advantages of the various tools for particular power engineering problems, as established in the literature. The paper starts by identifying and classifying the tools in question. Power areas where KE has flourished are also identified. A list of the KE tools identified in the power literature is then compiled and analyzed. The results of the literature study are complemented by responses to a survey from leading practitioners in the field. The paper draws its conclusions as to the (non-) correlation of tools and applications, and recommends that knowledge modeling serve as an important criterion in the choice of tools     

The accuracy of mammography: an analysis of 655 histologically verified cases

The accuracy of the mammography was studied on 655 breasts which were investigated and biopsied or treated surgically shortly afterward. The mammography reports were classified according to the confidence level of the statements. In 279 cases the mammography was interpreted as positive for malignancy. A total of 224 malignant tumors were found. In 30 cases the malignant lesion was missed on the mammograms. The diagnoses made with a high degree of certainty were correct in 90% of the cases. The sensitivity of the mammography was 86.6% at a specificity of 80.7% for malignant tumors. The value of mammography for the diagnosis of chronic mastopathy could not be determined objectively. The sensitivity for solitary benign tumors or cysts was 80%.