ESD phenomena in GMR heads in the manufacturing process of HDD and GMR heads

It is well known that giant magnetoresistive (GMR) heads used for hard disk drives (HDD) are very sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). In this paper, we describe a method of categorizing ESD damage modes from a standpoint of magnetic influences on the heads as observed by quasi-static test (QST) characteristics as well as electromagnetic characteristics like off-track profiles. In addition, we report an example of GMR stack interlayer diffusion which is one type of hard ESD damage. We also present an example of ESD damage that happened in an actual production process and its preventive measures as guidelines.     

Computer model for the characterisation of the size distribution of spheroidal graphite in ductile cast iron

A computer model was developed to establish the relationship between the two-dimensional (2D) and the three-dimensional (3D) parameters, specifically the number of particles and particle size distribution. The computer experiments were performed for both monodispersed and lognormally polydispersed systems. The model was based on a random distribution of a number of spherical grains in a cubic unit, with no intersection between the grains. The cubic unit was cut by a random plane and the number of particles which appeared in the section and the area fraction were measured. This procedure was repeated until the average number of particles and the average area fraction became constant. Finally, the 2D size distribution of the particles over all sections was obtained.

It was concluded that the volume fraction is equal to the area fraction, irrespective of the particle size distribution, providing that the total number of measured 2D particles is large enough. As for the number of particles, an equation was found to calculate the number of 3D particles in a monodispersed system from the number of 2D particles and the volume fraction. However, in lognormally polydispersed systems the number of 3D particles could be calculated using the 3D mean and standard deviation, estimated from the 2D mean and standard deviation by a method specifically developed for the purpose.

Finally, the method was applied to two ductile cast iron specimens and the applicability of the present model was verified.     

Controlled radical polymerization with polyolefin macroinitiator: a convenient and versatile approach to polyolefin-based block and graft copolymers

This paper introduces the new synthetic methodology of polyolefin-based block and graft copolymers with polar segments [e.g., polystyrene and poly(meth)acrylates]. Various brominated polyolefins were prepared by bromination of polyolefins with N-bromosuccinimide. The resulting brominated polyolefins were able to initiate the controlled radical polymerization of polar monomers, such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, styrene and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate, using a CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalyst system, leading to a variety of polyolefin-based copolymers with a different content of the corresponding polar segment. Because of the accessible synthesis of polyolefin macroinitiators, this synthetic methodology is expected to result in the preparation of a wide range of polyolefin-based block and graft copolymers.     

Synthesis and hydrophilic property of polypropylene-graft-poly(polyethylene glycol-methacrylate) (PP-g-P(PEGMA))

Polypropylene-graft-poly(polyethylene glycol-methacrylate) (PP-g-P(PEGMA)), which is a hydrophobic-hydrophilic graft copolymer, was synthesized by a combination of an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of PEGMA with brominated polypropylene (PP-Br), which was synthesized from PP-OH prepared by metallocene-catalyzed copolymerization. Its structure was confirmed by ¹H NMR and GPC analyses. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs of PP-g-P(PEGMA) revealed the nanometer level microphase-separation morphology between the PP segment and the P(PEGMA) segment. The obtained PP-g-P(PEGMA) showed water-absorbing property as well as thermostability.     

Burning velocities and kinetics of H2/NF3/N2, CH4/NF3/N2, and C3H8/NF3/N2 flames

The combustion characteristics and reaction mechanism of mixtures containing nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) were investigated. Burning velocities for H₂/NF₃/N₂, CH₄/NF₃/N₂, and C₃H₈/NF₃/N₂ flames were determined for the first time at various equivalence ratios and N₂ mole fractions. The burning velocities of the latter two flames were similar and showed peaks at equivalence ratios of ∼1.0, while those of the H₂/NF₃/N₂ flames had the pronounced peak at low equivalence ratios where the formation of the wrinkled flames was observed. A detailed kinetic model was constructed to simulate the laminar burning velocities of H₂/NF₃/N₂ and CH₄/NF₃/N₂ flames. The model accurately reproduced the experimental results. Analyses of the reaction mechanism revealed the major reaction pathways that involve the decomposition of NF₃, the oxidation and chain-fluoridation of H₂ and CH₄, and the formation of N₂.     

等静压条件下粉体致密化过程一般规律的探讨

从粉体中孔隙度的变化出发,研究了粉体的受压致密化过程,发现了等静压条件下粉体致密化过程的一般规律和描述这一规律的一般方程.该方程简洁地表述了等静压力与密度的关系,仅包含2个特征常数;对于特定粉体,这2个常数唯一可求;代入这2个常数后,一般方程就成为描述该特定粉体受压致密化过程的特征方程;该方程得到了众多实验结果的良好验证.     

Design and manufacture of an impact–electric current discharge joining machine

An impact–electric current discharge joining machine, which can simultaneously apply impact load and electric current, has been designed and manufactured to produce a high-strength joint between materials with little change in their appearance. The objective functions of the designed and manufactured impact–electric discharge machine are almost satisfied. Partial joining is achieved between FCD450/FCD450 samples and between FCD450/Al samples and the joints exhibit low fracture stress. Process parameters can be controlled to improve joint strength, by adjusting the setting values of the functions provided in the machine.     

Influence of the specific surface area of a porous nickel to the intermetallic compound generated by reaction of a porous nickel and aluminum

A new process is proposed to fabricate an intermetallic compound reinforced aluminum alloy matrix composite by using the reaction between porous nickel and molten aluminum alloy. The intermetallic compound reinforced aluminum alloy composite was manufactured with the low-pressure infiltration process method. The amounts of the intermetallic compounds under 3 different specific surface area of porous nickel and the porosity inside composites were investigated. Porous nickel reacted with molten aluminum alloy at 973 K, and the intermetallic compound of Al₃Ni was generated on the surface of the porous nickel. The generated intermetallic compound Al3Ni, was delaminated according to the difference of thermal expiation coefficient with nickel. And the intermetallic compounds moves in the direction of aluminum matrix. The area fraction of the intermetallic compounds increased with the increasing specific surface area of porous nickel. In addition, the defect inside the composite decreased by the increasing specific surface area of porous nickel.     

Effects of electrolyte concentration and current density on the properties of electro-deposited NiFeW alloy coatings

NiWP alloy coatings were prepared by electrodeposition, and the effects of ferrous chloride (\(\hbox {FeCl}_{2})\), sodium tungstate (\(\hbox {Na}_{2}\hbox {WO}_{4})\) and current density (\(D_{\mathrm{K}}\)) on the properties of the coatings were studied. The results show that upon increasing the concentration of \(\hbox {FeCl}_{2}\), initially the Fe content of the coating increased and then tended to be stable; the deposition rate and microhardness of coating decreased when the cathodic current efficiency (\(\eta \)) initially increased and then decreased; and for a \(\hbox {FeCl}_{2}\) concentration of \(3.6\, \hbox {g\,l}^{-1}\), the cathodic current efficiency reached its maximum of 74.23%. Upon increasing the concentration of \(\hbox {Na}_{2}\hbox {WO}_{4}\), the W content and microhardness of the coatings increased; the deposition rate and the cathode current efficiency initially increased and then decreased. The cathodic current efficiency reached the maximum value of 70.33% with a \(\hbox {Na}_{2}\hbox {WO}_{4}\) concentration of 50 g \(\hbox {l}^{-1}\), whereas the deposition rate is maximum at 8.67 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\,\hbox {h}^{-1}\) with a \(\hbox {Na}_{2}\hbox {WO}_{4}\) concentration of \(40\, \hbox {g\,l}^{-1}\). Upon increasing the \(D_{\mathrm{K}}\), the deposition rate, microhardness, Fe and W content of the coatings increased, the cathodic current efficiency increases first increased and then decreased. When \(D_{\mathrm{K}}\) was 4 A dm\(^{-2}\), the current efficiency reached the maximum of 73.64%.