有线和无线宽带接入产品技术

射频存储系统的目标市场有两个，一个是宽带网络，一个是无线局域网：下图介绍的是第一公里的无线宽带接入系统。图的中央有一个中枢（hub)，它的周围是一个分布网络。这是一个包括光和电的、数据和模拟结合的网络，这种系统在中国的大城市都有广泛的部署。圆圈是飞利浦开发的一些结点、中枢和分布网络，包括放大器和光电设备。     

Ground state systematics and collective dipole excitations of spheroidally deformed sodium clusters in a diffuse jellium model

We solve the Kohn-Sham equations self-consistently in the local density approximation for spheroidal sodium clusters in the particle range 8 ≤ Z ≤ 40. We use a smooth fermi-like jellium density to simulate the influence of the ions in the surface region and obtain similar results as Ekardt and Penzar, but slightly different regions of prolate-to-oblate transitions. We present the systematics of potential energy curves with respect to transitions between oblate, prolate and spherical shapes. Shape transitions occur at particle numbers 12/14 (prolate/oblate), 18/20/22 (oblate/spherical/prolate) and 30/32 (prolate/oblate), which are in good agreement with experimental results. The quadrupole and hexadecupole overlap of the electron density with the jellium is investigated, showing a strong hexadecupole dependence for selected clusters. Collective dipole resonances are described in a simple sum rule approach, which reveals a double splitting according to the different resonance frequencies along the principal axes of the spheroid. The systematics of the resonance peaks for the larger clusters with Z ≥ 20 is in good agreement with experimental results.     

Traditional organizations and crisis management in transition—Organizational perspectives on new dynamics of independent civil engagement

Digitalization and the trend towards more short‐term and project‐oriented social engagement have had a direct impact on traditional crisis management. This societal change has supported the evolution of new types of volunteers who use low‐threshold potentials to organize and maintain support independently. Traditional institutions like the German Red Cross are challenged to deal with these rapid changes regarding their own organizational culture in relation to the new phenomenon of so‐called unaffiliated volunteers. This paper investigates how unaffiliated volunteers influence and change the organizational culture of German disaster management by analysing and reflecting organizational adaptation processes in the aftermath of the German floods in 2013, the storm events in the west of Germany in 2014 and the refugee relief mission in 2015–2016. Therefore, semi‐structured interviews with experts of the German Red Cross were held to analyse their reactions towards unaffiliated Volunteers during the Floods in 2013 and the refugee relief missions, and further focus group interviews were conducted to validate the extracted results. Findings suggest that among professionals and leading entities in the German Red Cross, a process of rethinking has emerged, recognizing the importance and necessity to open up organizational structures for the collaboration and coordination of unaffiliated volunteers.     

The residue of vector sets with applications to decidability problems in Petri nets

Summary A set K of integer vectors is called right-closed, if for any elementmK all vectors mm are also contained in K. In such a case K is a semilinear set of vectors having a minimal generating set res(K), called the residue of K. A general method is given for computing the residue set of a right-closed set, provided it satisfies a certain decidability criterion.Various right-closed sets wich are important for analyzing, constructing, or controlling Petri nets are studied. One such set is the set CONTINUAL(T) of all such markings which have an infinite continuation using each transition infinitely many times. It is shown that the residue set of CONTINUAL(T) can be constructed effectively, solving an open problem of Schroff. The proof also solves problem 24 (iii) in the EATCS-Bulletin. The new methods developed in this paper can also be used to show that it is decidable, whether a signal net is prompt [23] and whether certain -languages of a Petri net are empty or not.It is shown, how the behaviour of a given Petri net can be controlled in a simple way in order to realize its maximal central subbehaviour, thereby solving a problem of Nivat and Arnold, or its maximal live subbehaviour as well. This latter approach is used to give a new solution for the bankers problem described by Dijkstra.Since the restriction imposed on a Petri net by a fact [11] can be formulated as a right closed set, our method also gives a new general approach for implementations of facts.     

Polyhydric alcohol esters of α-sulfo fatty acids

Direct esterification of α-sulfopalmitic and α-sulfostearic acids with excess ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and 2-methoxyethanol was carried out in carbon tetrachloride to give products containing essentially monoesters. Surface active properties of these compounds were measured with emphasis on washing ability in combination with soap. The detergency of these esters was compared with those of hexitol and sucrose α-sulfo fatty acid esters. Although the esters had moderate lime soap dispersing ability, their detergency showed synergism when combined with soap. Deceased. East. Market. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Long chain alkanesulfonates and 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonates: Structure and property relations

Even chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the Strecker reaction, odd chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the alkaline decarboxylation of α-sulfo acids, and sodium 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonates from the reduction of esters of α-sulfo acids were compared with respect to Krafft point, critical micelle concentration, detergency and foam height. Sodium alkanesulfonates and crude fusion products from the α-sulfo acids (mixtures of alkanesulfonates of one less carbon atom with a lesser amount of a soap of two less carbon atoms) are more soluble and have better detergent and foaming properties. Sodium 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonates resemble monosodium salts of α-sulfo acids. Alkanesulfonic acids and 1-hydroxy-2-alkane-sulfonic acids obtained from the sodium salts by ion exchange have lower Krafft points and are more readily soluble. The critical micelle concentrations of 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonic acids and α-sulfo acids are nearly the same and about equal to those of alkanesulfonic acids of one less carbon atom. Presented at the AOCS meeting in Toronto, Canada, 1962. A laboratory of the E. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, U.S.D.A.