Analysis of multiple FSS screens of unequal periodicity using an efficient cascading technique

In this paper, we present an efficient cascading procedure for analyzing frequency selective surface (FSS) systems consisting of multiple FSS screens of unequal periodicity embedded in multiple dielectric layers. In this procedure, we first find a global period for the FSS system by studying the composite in its entirety. Next, we compute the scattering matrix [S] of each of the FSS subsystems for the global Floquet harmonics by applying a relationship we establish that maps the [S] matrix of the subsystem for the individual Floquet harmonics to that for the global harmonics. This mapping-cum-filling process substantially reduces the effort needed to compute the [S] matrix of a subsystem. Finally, we compute the [S] of the entire system by applying a modified cascading formulation, in which one matrix inversion step is eliminated, resulting in a reduction in the total computing resource requirement as well as time. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the technique.     

A numerical absorbing boundary condition for finite difference andfinite element analysis of open periodic structures

In this paper we present a novel approach to deriving local boundary conditions, that can be employed in conjunction with the Finite Difference/Finite Element Methods (FD/FEM) to solve electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems involving periodic structures. The key step in this approach is to derive linear relationships that link the value of the field at a boundary grid point to those at the neighboring points. These linear relationships are identically satisfied not only by all of the propagating Floquet modes but by a few of the leading evanescent ones as well. They can thus be used in lieu of absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) in place of the usual FD/FEM equations for the boundary points. Guidelines for selecting the orders of the evanescent Floquet modes to be absorbed are given in the paper. The present approach not only provides a simple way to derive an accurate boundary condition for mesh truncation, but also preserves the banded structure of the FD/FEM matrices. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by using an internal check and by comparing the numerical results with the analytic solution for perfectly conducting strip gratings     

Electromagnetic interference mitigation by using a spread-spectrumapproach

We investigate a new technique, referred to as spread-spectrum clock generation (SSCG), for reducing the level of radiated emission from devices with digital clock signals. To calculate the radiated emissions from such devices, we model the radiating geometry and compute the radiated field at a multitude of frequencies by using NEC-4, which is an electromagnetic field solver based on the method of moments (MoM). We consider a variety of modulating profiles for the spread spectrum clock and demonstrate that by using a frequency deviation of only 1%, we can achieve from 10 to 30 dB reduction in the radiated emission levels     

A novel endonuclease from kinetoplastid hemoflagellated protozoan parasite Leishmania

A nuclease activity has been purified from the nuclei-kinetoplast fraction of Leishmania. This enzyme, termed endonuclease M (Endo M), is shown by electrophoresis in a denaturing polyacrylamide gel to be associated with a single polypeptide of molecular mass 52 kDa. Physical analysis of the enzyme indicates that it has a sedimentation coefficient S20,w of 4.5S, a Stoke's radius of 32.5 A, and a native molecular mass of 53 kDa. The final Mono Q purified Endo M possesses both DNase and RNase activities. It acts as an endonuclease by introducing random single-stranded nicks into the supercoiled DNA molecules, that often leads to its linearization due to nicking at the opposite strands, and subsequent degradation of the DNA with further incubation. Single-stranded DNA is twice preferred to double-stranded DNA as substrate. Single-stranded RNA is also degraded rapidly and is competitive as a substrate with single-stranded DNA. RNA:DNA hybrids, however, are largely resistant to the Endo M digestion.     

Integration Concepts for the Fabrication of LTCC Structures

At the Keck Smart Materials Integration Laboratory at Penn State University, low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) material systems have been used to fabricate a number of devices for a variety of applications. This article presents an overview of the integration of the concepts and materials that we have used to achieve miniaturization and unique device function. Examples of microwave filters, metamaterial antennas, and a dielectrophoretic cell sorter will be presented, with emphasis on device modeling and design, prototype construction methods, and test results.     

并行FDTD和IBM BlueGene/L巨型计算机结合求解电大尺寸的电磁问题

高性能巨型计算机的快速发展正在改变着人们在计算电磁学方面的一些传统观念,特别是IBM BlueGene/L巨型计算机的出现使计算电磁学所解决的问题尺寸和时间发生了巨大的变化.IBM BlueGene/L巨型计算机可以包括多达65,536处理器和 32 TB 内存,更重要的是由于它所使用的特殊体系结构使它在4000个处理器时时域有限差分程序的并行效率仍然在百分之九十左右.测试显示,在单个CPU速度接近的情况下,一台奔腾4计算机上运行五十二天的工作量在一个包含有4000个处理器的BlueGene/L巨型计算机上仅需10min左右.虽然普通的PC机群与单个处理器相比也能快速地求解相对大的问题,但是无论是使用千兆 Ethernet、Foundry、Myrinet或者Infiniband,普通PC机群的效率都会在处理其数量超过几十个的时候快速下降.为了验证并行时有预先差分程序的正确性,我们使用并行时域有限差分程序在巨型计算机IBM BlueGene/L上模拟一个144单元的对偶极化Vivaldi阵列的抛物面天线馈源.     

Improved design procedure for double‐ridged waveguides

This article presents a novel methodology for designing double‐ridged waveguides by numerically optimizing their geometric shape such that they sustain the two prescribed lowest order modes. The field solution to the problem is obtained by using the finite element method. The performance of the microgenetic algorithm and the quasi‐Newton methods is studied for carrying out geometry optimization. This generalized formulation is capable of handling inhomogeneous material fillings in the guide, and computational results are presented to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed technique. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 12, 530–539, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mmce.10053     

An equivalent boundary-condition model for lossy planar periodicstructures at low frequencies

An equivalent boundary-condition model is presented for planar periodic scatterers which, through an effective homogenization, accurately predicts the scattering at low frequencies (i.e., in the absence of higher ordered Floquet harmonics or grating lobes). This new anisotropic resistive boundary-condition model provides accurate wide-angle results for one- (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) periodic arrays, provided certain restrictions are satisfied concerning the rotational symmetry and surface resistivity of the target. When applicable, this simulation model provides an enormous reduction in computational costs with virtually no memory storage requirements. The anisotropic nature of the boundary condition arises only when the target possesses a twofold rotational symmetry and, thus, produces significant cross-polarized scattering. A unique feature of this model is that since an equivalent boundary condition is developed, finite arrays are also accurately modeled provided a minimum of approximately five unit cells (five by five for 2-D) are contained in the array     

Follow-up of argon laser trabeculoplasty: is a day-one postoperative IOP check necessary?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefit of measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP) on the first postoperative day after argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 407 ALT procedures with perioperative apraclonidine performed on 226 patients between January 1991 and December 1993. Data analyzed included type of glaucoma, extent of treatment, whether the procedure was initial or repeat, laser parameters, and IOP preoperatively and at 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 month postoperatively. RESULTS: The percentage of patients with an IOP rise of greater than 3 mm Hg at 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 month following ALT was 11.3%, 4.2%, and 5.2% respectively. The incidence of IOP elevations greater than 10 mm Hg was 2.2%, 1.0%, and 1.5% at 1 hour, 1 day and 1 month, respectively. Of 17 cases with an IOP elevation greater than 3 mm Hg at 1 day, four eventually required a trabeculectomy. However, there were no consistent factors that distinguished which cases with elevated IOP at 1 day ultimately needed further therapy, nor did the 1-day postoperative examination predict which patients would have IOP elevation at 1 month. CONCLUSION: IOP 1 day after ALT is rarely elevated and does not correlate with IOP elevation at 1 month. Therefore, an IOP check at 1 day is not felt to be necessary for most patients.     

Spectral-domain analysis of frequency selective surfaces comprised of periodic arrays of cross dipoles and Jerusalem crosses

A full-wave analysis for the problem of scattering frequency selective surfaces from (FSS) comprised of periodic arrays of cross dipoles and Jerusalem crosses is presented. The formulation is carried out in the spectral domain where the convolution form of the integral equation for the induced current is reduced to an algebraic one. The equation is then solved using the Galerkin's procedure applied in the spectral domain. A set of entire-domain type "junction basis functions," which, is demonstrated in this paper to be essential to account correctly for the discontinuous nature of the induced current at the junction of the cross, is included in the expansion for the unknown induced current. This analysis is computationally efficient, and its accuracy is verified by the agreement between the computed theoretical data and the experimental results reported by other authors.