Rice bran oil and hypocholesterolemia in rats

Rats fed rice bran oil at 10% level for a period of eight weeks showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, both on cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets. High density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased but triglyceride showed a decrease that was not statistically significant. Liver cholesterol and liver triglycerides were also reduced. Fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids was increased after ingestion of rice bran oil.     

Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of mango kernel oil

Mango-kernel fat is a solid fat at room temperature and has a melting point of ca. 35 C. The fat was analyzed for its physico-chemical properties. It is rich in equal amounts of stearic and oleic acids (42%). Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of this fat was carried out by multigeneration breeding studies in weanling albino rats, feeding them mango-kernel fat or groundnut oil (GNO) at a 10% level in a 20% protein diet that was adequate in vitamins and minerals. The feed-efficiency ratio and growth rate of rats fed mango-kernel fat were comparable with the control group. Studies of calcium, phosphorous and nitrogen balance showed that the retention of these nutrients was not adversely affected by the mango-fat intake. The apparent digestibility of mango fat was comparable with GNO when fed to rats. Toxicological evaluation of the fat showed a comparable reproductive performance with the GNO-fed animals. Liver serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids were found to be within normal levels. The organ weights of the various tissues of the animals of both groups in the last generation were comparable. Histopathological studies of various organs revealed no abnormalities. These studies indicate that mangokernel fat can substitute for any solid fat without adverse effect.     

Nutritional and toxicological evaluation ofHibiscus sabdariffa oil andCleome viscosa oil

Mesta seed oil (Hibiscus sabdariffa), like cottonseed oil, contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids (2.9%) and epoxy fatty acids (2.6%) in addition to normal fatty acids found in vegetable oils.Cleome viscosa (Capparidaceae) seed oil is rich in linoleic acid (70%) and free from any abnormal chemical constituents. Nutritional and toxicological evaluations of these two oils were done by multigeneration breeding studies by feeding the respective oils and groundnut oil as control at 10% level in a 20% protein diet with adequate vitamins and minerals. These studies revealed that rats fed mesta oil had inferior growth and reproductive performance and also had altered liver metabolism. Rats fedC. viscosa oil did not show any abnormal growth or reproductive performance or altered liver lipid levels. Thus, these studies indicate that raw or refined mesta oil may not be suitable for human consumption whereasC. viscosa oil can be used safely by humans.     

Energy‐efficient multihop routing in WSN using the hybrid optimization algorithm

The technical growth in the field of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has resulted in the process of collecting and forwarding the massive data between the nodes, which was a major challenge to the WSNs as it is associated with greater energy loss and delay. This resulted in the establishment of a routing protocol for the optimal selection of the multipath to progress the routing in WSNs. This paper proposes an energy‐efficient routing in WSNs using the hybrid optimization algorithm, cat–salp swarm algorithm (C‐SSA), which chooses the optimal hops in progressing the routing. Initially, the cluster heads (CHs) are selected using the low‐energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol that minimizes the traffic in the network. The CHs are engaged in the multihop routing, and the selection of the optimal paths is based on the proposed hybrid optimization, which chooses the optimal hops based on the energy constraints, such as energy, delay, intercluster distance, intracluster distance, link lifetime, delay, and distance. The simulation results prove that the proposed routing protocol acquired minimal delay of 0.3165 with 50 nodes and two hops, maximal energy of 0.1521 with 50 nodes and three hops, maximal number of the alive nodes as 39 with 100 nodes and two hops, and average throughput of 0.9379 with 100 nodes and three hops.     

Nutritive value of defatted seed cake ofCleome viscosa

Defatted seed cake ofCleome viscosa was analysed for protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It was found to be a fairly good source of protein and other nutrients. The most limiting amino acid of the protein in the defatted seed cake was tryptophan. Like otherCapparidaceous plants, seeds ofCleome viscosa contained thioglucosinolates. The concentration of which in defatted seed cake before and after detoxification was 3 and 0.12 mg per 100 g. Except for the loss of B-complex vitamins, on detoxification the nutrient composition of the defatted cake remained unaltered. Rats fed diets based on defatted cake containing the toxic compounds lost weight, but those fed detoxified cake showed improved growth. However, the relative protein value (RPV) of the processed cake was poor and suggested the presence of other antinutritional factors.     

An Introduction to Neural Networks in SCMA

Wireless Personal Communications - Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) has proved to be a fascinating research in order to curtail the complications faced by the wireless communication networks....     

Design of MAC unit for digital filters in signal processing and communication

International Journal of Speech Technology - Digital signal processors (DSP) the endless requirement is the development of ability in processors to hold the difficulties resulted in the...     

Chemical, nutritional and toxicological studies of rice bran oil

Rice bran oil (RBO) is an unconventional oil of very high potential availability in India. Edible grade RBO obtained by improved technology was systematically evaluated for its chemical, nutritional and toxicological properties using the protocol developed by the author.

RBO is similar to groundnut oil (GNO), in fatty acid composition, having 36% linoleic acid. The unsaponifiable matter of RBO (4·1%) is higher than GNO. Nutritional evaluation was carried out in weanling albino rats of the Wistar strain by feeding a diet containing 20% protein and 10% RBO, and adequate in other nutrients, for 3 months. A similar group with 10% GNO served as a control group. Growth, feed efficiency, mineral balance, fat absorption and serum haematology were comparable in both RBO- and GNO-fed animals. Serum and liver lipids showed a marked lowering effect in rats fed RBO, indicating its hypocholesterolemic effect. The hypocholesterolemic effects of RBO and its unsaponifiable matter were evaluated in a separate experiment in hypercholesterolemic diet-fed rats as well as in humans and were reported earlier.

Toxicological studies of RBO by the food safety evaluation protocol of WHO/FDA/DGHS were carried out in rats for three generations. The reproductive performance was comparable to GNO-fed animals. The results indicated that there were no abnormalities in any of the parameters studied, indicating the safety of RBO for human consumption.