Analysis of cross-weld creep rupture data on the ½Cr½Mo¼V type IV zone

For the ferritic steel ½Cr½Mo¼V, the operating experience of medium and long term creep failures in power station welds has been of cavitation and cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the parent material, in what is referred to as the Type IV zone. This experience has led to the generation of uniaxial cross-weld creep rupture data on ½CrMoV weldments and to the development of life assessment procedures such as R5 Volume 7, which uses the rupture strength of the Type IV zone to calculate the life of power station components. Recently, the ECCC Working Group 3A has conducted a collation of the UK and German cross-weld creep rupture data on ½CrMoV weldments. Creep failure in ½CrMoV cross-weld specimens occurs in a variety of weldment zones; typically in the parent, the Type IV zone or the weld metal. Post test examination of the specimens has enabled those tests that failed in the Type IV zone to be identified and a creep rupture data assessment has been performed to derive a new model for the rupture strength of the Type IV zone.     

Full‐color AMOLED with RGBW pixel pattern

Abstract— A full‐color AMOLED display with an RGBW color filter pattern has been fabricated. Displays with this format require about one‐half the power of analogous RGB displays. RGBW and RGB 2.16‐in.‐diagonal displays with average power consumptions of 180 and 340 mW, respectively, were characterized for a set of standard digital still camera images at a luminance of 100 cd/m². In both cases, a white‐emitting AMOLED was used as the light source, and standard LCD filters were used to provide the R, G, and B emission. The color gamuts of these displays were identical and the higher overall efficiency of the RGBW format results from two factors. First, a large fraction of a typical image is near neutral in color and can be reproduced using the white sub‐pixel. Second, the white sub‐pixel in an RGBW AMOLED display is highly efficient because of the absence of any color filter. The efficiency of these displays can be further enhanced by choosing a white emitter optimized to the target display white point (in this case D65). A two‐emission layer configuration based upon separate yellow and blue‐emitting regions is shown to be well suited for both the RGBW and RGB formats.     

Corium spreading and coolability: CSC Project

In the context of severe accidents, large R&D efforts throughout the world are currently directed towards ex-vessel corium behaviour. Among the mitigation means which can be envisaged, the European industries and utilities are considering the implementation of a core-catcher outside the reactor pressure vessel in order to prevent basemat erosion and to stabilize and control the corium within the containment. The CSC project focused on two key phenomena for external core-catcher efficiency, reliability and safety: spreading and coolability. An experimental programme, covering different scenarios and including both simulant and real materials provided a lot of results which now constitute a large database and which enabled the qualification of computer codes.     

Shifts in sauger spawning locations after 40 years of reservoir ageing: influence of a novel delta ecosystem in the Missouri River,USA

To determine how reservoir ageing affects sauger Sander canadense spawning locations in Lewis and Clark Reservoir, we quantified riverine habitat and determined sauger spawning locations during recent years (2003–2004) and compared these results to historic (1950–1966) habitat conditions and spawning locations. The riverine habitat above the reservoir, which was historically homogeneous, has developed into two distinct areas: the upstream remnant river reach, characterized by a distinct main channel, and cold and clear water from the hypolimnetic discharge from the upstream reservoir, and the downstream delta section, which has abundant side channels and backwater areas and is warmer and more turbid water than the remnant reach. Sauger spawning locations have shifted markedly in the last 50 years. Sauger historically spawned in the upper reaches of this system, near Fort Randall Dam. However, in 2003, we found that sauger spawned in the lower delta reach and avoided the remnant reach. This shift likely occurred concomitantly with the development of the novel delta habitat. The delta likely functions more similarly to the historic remnant reach of this system (warmer temperature, turbidity, active meandering, complex habitats, etc.), indicating that sauger prefer to spawn in areas with historic riverine function. Thus, future management activities intended to enhance sauger populations should focus on the restoration of riverine function, such as that provided by emerging reservoir deltas, which may mimic pre‐impoundment conditions on the Missouri River. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钻杆的惯性摩擦焊接

摩擦焊在美国的专利发布可以追溯到1891年,那时用来描述利用摩擦热连接缆线。接着在欧洲进行了一段时间的研究,德国和英国都有许多的专利发布。1956年,俄罗斯发布了一个将摩擦热用于焊接的专利,这也被视为最早的摩擦焊专利。 20世纪50年代,卡特彼勒研究中心开始研究摩擦焊。他们设想利用储存在一个惯性物体中的能量来提供焊接所需的热量。这项工作最后导致1967年最早的惯性摩擦焊机专利的诞生。惯性摩擦焊是一个金属结构重组的过程,很象锻造。它跟     

Extracorporeal shock wave treatment for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and radiological response of chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder to extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT). METHODS: The study included 3 female patients, 42, 48, and 50 years of age, all with calcified tendinitis of the rotator cuff. All had severe shoulder pain and limitation of motion. ESWT was done in one session with an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter. RESULTS: After 24 hours, a fragmentation of calcification was achieved, and the patients had no pain and had entirely regained their joint movement. After 2 years of followup they were clinically and radiologically asymptomatic, and there were no adverse effects or other complications. CONCLUSION: With its good tolerance, safety, and clinical and radiologic response, ESWT should be considered as an alternative therapy in the treatment of chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder refractory to other therapies.     

Diastolic dysfunction and altered energetics in the alphaMHC403/+ mouse model of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

An arginine to glutamine missense mutation at position 403 of the beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain causes familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Here we study mice which have this same missense mutation (alphaMHC403/+) using an isolated, isovolumic heart preparation where cardiac performance is measured simultaneously with cardiac energetics using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We observed three major alterations in the physiology and bioenergetics of the alphaMHC403/+ mouse hearts. First, while there was no evidence of systolic dysfunction, diastolic function was impaired during inotropic stimulation. Diastolic dysfunction was manifest as both a decreased rate of left ventricular relaxation and an increase in end-diastolic pressure. Second, under baseline conditions alphaMHC403/+ hearts had lower phosphocreatine and increased inorganic phosphate contents resulting in a decrease in the calculated value for the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis. Third, hearts from alphaMHC403/+ hearts that were studied unpaced responded to increased perfusate calcium by decreasing heart rate approximately twice as much as wild types. We conclude that hearts from alphaMHC403/+ mice demonstrate work load-dependent diastolic dysfunction resembling the human form of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Changes in high-energy phosphate content suggest that an energy-requiring process may contribute to the observed diastolic dysfunction.     

Characterization of the acidity of faujasite- and pentasil-zeolites by calorimetric measurements of the ammonia chemisorption

Using the methods of calorimetric and isosteric measurements of the ammonia adsorption, it is found that the lower limit of the heat of chemisorption in H-Y- and H-ZSM-5-zeolites is 60 kJ/mol. Dealumination of the Y- and ZSM-5-zeolites changes the total number of the acid sites as well as the strength and the strength distribution of the Brönsted sites. Within a margin of error of ± 10 %, there is a coincidence of the number of measured and calculated Brönsted sites (from the Al-content of the frame-work) in H-Y- zeolites.     

Social science applications: A caveat for the operations research analyst

There is a growing sense of general discontent with the uncertainty, lack of understanding and absence of agreement in human services programs. Although operations research should have an impact on this situation by structuring the system for evaluation and decision-making, there has been limited application in these programs. This paper attempts to define and describe the gap in progress between the application of computers and operations research to the social sciences and the state of social programs, and attempts to define the limitations, trends and potentials for computer applications and operations research to reduce these gaps. The operations research analyst is cautioned in the judicious use of sophisticated methodology in social programs. Three social programs—child welfare services, vocational rehabilitation services and learning to read—illustrate problems and questions not characteristic of the physical sciences, but which the operations research analyst will confront in the human service fields. Suggestions are made to guide him in adapting to them successfully. These include: adopting a broader, less methodological analysis style; refocusing university training to incorporate a social science orientation in operations research curricula and a better subject matter understanding; and developing an instructional unit on the pathology of failure—that is, the clinical study of failures in the application of computers and operations research to the social sciences—in order to learn from them and to avoid similar future applications.