Bloch Wave Analysis of Long Leaky Coaxial Cables

Leaky coaxial cables can be used as distributed radiators for indoor communications. When the number of slots is large, as it is often the case, the application of a full-wave analysis method is very demanding in terms of both memory and CPU time. In this paper an analysis technique, based on Bloch wave theory is presented. Slots are viewed as discontinuities in an open waveguide and a suitable basis of orthogonal polynomials is introduced to represent the modal amplitudes pertaining to the continuous spectrum. The radiation properties of the cable are discussed in detail in terms of the excited Bloch waves. Finally, the reflection coefficient at the junction between a uniform and a slotted cable is computed. The results are presented in the form of a chart, for general slot size and spacing.     

Dispersion curves and modal fields of waveguide with FSS inserts

A rectangular waveguide with frequency selective surface (FSS) inserts has been studied. Dispersion curves are compared with measurements. The waveguide within a waveguide phenomenon is demonstrated. The effect of the array inserts on the dispersion curves and on the modal field distributions is discussed     

A new approach to the design of dual-mode rectangular waveguidefilters with distributed coupling

A synthesis procedure for a new configuration of four-pole dual-mode waveguide filters with distributed coupling is presented. In this configuration the dual-mode coupling is obtained by exploiting the well-known fact that the diagonal polarizations are coupled in an almost square waveguide. The obvious advantage of this type of structure is that the cross sections of all the discontinuities are rectangular, hence the global prediction of the filter is more accurate. The synthesis approach is based on a scattering matrix formulation where the dual-mode coupling is described in terms of a 2×2 propagation matrix. Universal design charts, which directly yield the scattering parameters of the various junctions, have been obtained. Comparisons with experimental results of a four-pole filter are also presented     

Design of a 45° incidence millimeter wave diplexer

The design of a 45° incidence millimeter wave radiometer diplexer is described. Experimental data are presented that are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.     

Systematic effects induced by a flat isotropic dielectric slab

The instrumental polarization induced by a flat isotropic dielectric slab in microwave frequencies is discussed. We find that, in spite of its isotropic nature, such a dielectric can produce spurious polarization either by transmitting incoming anisotropic diffuse radiation or emitting when it is thermally inhomogeneous. We present evaluations of instrumental polarization generated by materials usually adopted in radio astronomy, by using the Mueller matrix formalism. As an application, results for different slabs in front of a 32 GHz receiver are discussed. Such results are based on measurements of their complex dielectric constants. We evaluate that a 0.33 cm thick Teflon slab introduces negligible spurious polarization (<2.6 x 10(-5) in transmission and <6 x 10(-7) in emission), even minimizing the leakage (<10(-8) from Q to U Stokes parameters, and vice versa) and the depolarization (approximately 1.3 x 10(-3)).     

A fast Green's function method for the analysis of IDT's for acousto-optical devices

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) interdigital transducers are key components in X-Y LiNbO₃ acousto-optical (A-O) devices. SAW interdigital transducers (IDT's) on this substrate exhibit a high spurious resonance that may reduce the A-O efficiency. In this paper we present a detailed analysis of X-Y LiNbO₃ IDT's based on a fast Green's function method (GFM). In order to correctly evaluate the spurious effects on IDT's performance, we also considered bulk terms of the Green's function. When the GFM is applied to IDT's with general topology and over a wide frequency range, the required computation time can reach quickly unacceptable values for long IDT structures. We developed a new model order reduction technique based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) for the fast generation of the IDT's frequency response. Numerical results for different configurations of X-Y LiNbO ₃ IDT's are in good agreement with measured data and a correct interpretation of the spurious resonance is reported. It is pointed out that bulk wave excitation may be a serious limitation in the design of efficient, wide band IDT's for A-O devices     

Reduced-order model technique for the analysis of anisotropic inhomogeneous media: application to liquid-crystal displays

Electromagnetic wave propagation in anisotropic inhomogeneous media is computed by a novel reduced-order model technique, which is based on the restriction of the Marcuvitz-Schwinger equations on Krylov subspaces and on the application of the singular-value decomposition. The model is derived from the standard coupled-wave method and includes both wide-angle diffraction and light scattering at dielectric interfaces. The method, currently implemented for two-dimensional problems, was applied to the analysis of different liquid-crystal test cells. Numerical results are compared with those obtained through the application of the coupled-wave method and the Jones method and with experimental microscopic measurements.     

Optimum-Iris-Set Concept for Waveguide Polarizers

Novel profiled irises for the design of waveguide polarizers are presented. The two degrees of freedom of their piecewise-circular profile allow one to better control the frequency behavior of the differential phase shift. Thanks to this feature, an optimum iris set can be found by selecting the discontinuities for which the differential-phase-shift deviation from the average value is minimum in the operative bandwidth. This optimum iris set can be identified for several values of the ratio r/lambda₀, where r is the waveguide radius and lambda₀ is the free-space wavelength at the central frequency. Hence, even if both the waveguide size and central frequency are assigned in the specifications, polarizers with a very low deviation from 90deg of the total differential phase shift can be designed. In this way, the number of waveguide transitions in the antenna feed system can be reduced and the effect of spurious higher-order-mode coupling can be minimized. A Ka-band polarizer in circular waveguide with piecewise-circular-profile irises is described, showing a return loss better than 55 dB and a phase error of about 0.9deg in a 10% bandwidth     

Synthesis of multiple-ring-resonator filters for optical systems

A method for the synthesis of optical filters consisting of a cascade of N-coupled rings is presented. The procedure is based on the definition of a polynomial whose roots are the zeros of the channel-dropping transmittance characteristic and provides directly the ring electrical lengths and the mutual coupling coefficients. A design example of a Chebyshev-type 6-ring bandpass filter is presented.     

A fast reduced-order model for the full-wave FEM analysis of lossyinhomogeneous anisotropic waveguides

The evaluation of the frequency response of waveguiding structures by means of the full-wave finite-element method requires solving a large generalized eigenvalue problem for each frequency. This paper describes a novel approach, based on the singular-value decomposition, which drastically reduces the order of the eigenvalue problem. By inspection of the singular values, the accuracy level of the procedure may be controlled. The technique is applied to the analysis of open and closed waveguides with arbitrary cross section, lossy conductors, and anisotropic dielectric layers, by means of vector elements of generic order; higher order elements are shown to allow the accurate evaluation of fields inside lossy conductors with fewer unknowns, besides exactly modeling normal field discontinuities at material interfaces. Examples of application of the reduced-order technique are shown concerning both non-TEM and quasi-TEM structures